scholarly journals A Primer on the Clinical Aspects of Sarcoidosis for the Basic and Translational Scientist

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2857
Author(s):  
Marc A. Judson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Immunologic Disease

The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis remains unclear. This failure in understanding has been clinically impactful, as it has impeded the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease. Unraveling the mechanisms of sarcoidosis will require input from basic and translational scientists. In order to reach this goal, scientists must have a firm grasp of the clinical aspects of the disease, including its diagnostic criteria, the immunologic defects, clinical presentations, response to therapy, risk factors, and clinical course. This manuscript will provide an overview of the clinical aspects of sarcoidosis that are particularly relevant for the basic and translational scientist. The variable phenotypic expression of the disease will be described, which may be integral in identifying immunologic disease mechanisms that may be relevant to subgroups of sarcoidosis patients. Data concerning treatment and risk factors may yield important insights concerning germane immunologic pathways involved in the development of disease. It is hoped that this manuscript will stimulate communication between scientists and clinicians that will eventually lead to improved care of sarcoidosis patients.

scholarly journals To Be Or Not To Be? What Makes a Child Dyslexic: An Overview on Risk Factors and Correlated Clinical Aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Claudio Rosa ◽  
Carlo Aleci
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Clinical Aspects

Developmental dyslexia, one of the most common neuro-developmental disorders, is frequently under-diagnosed or diagnosed late. Despite there is consensus on the neurobiological and genetic basis and on the environmental influence, the multi-faceted aspects of dyslexia and the complexity of its phenotypic expression hinder the identification of the risk factors. Indeed, determining risk factors and understanding how they predispose to the reading disability is important for an early diagnosis and a satisfactory rehabilitative outcome. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide an overview on the genetic, biochemical, anatomical and environmental variables involved in the pathogenesis of developmental dyslexia, and on the visual-perceptual aspects that characterize children who struggle to read.

scholarly journals Statin-associated muscle symptoms: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms and treatment

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5S) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
A. I. Dyadyk ◽  
T. E. Kugler ◽  
S. R. Zborowskyy ◽  
Yu. V. Suliman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Alternative Lipid

Statins are widely prescribed and the risk of adverse drug reactions of lipid-lowering therapy is actively discussed, including muscle symptoms. This review synthesizes the knowledge about the clinical aspects of statin-associated muscle symptoms, which is important for the practitioner. Potential mechanisms of their development, risk factors, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention are described. Timely detection the side effects of statins makes it possible to diagnose and eliminate, which is crucial for conducting lipid-lowering therapy for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Management of statin-associated muscle symptoms requires altering (reduced dosages, use of another statin or alternative lipid-lowering drugs) or discontinuing the statin treatment. 

NEONATAL LISTERIOSIS: AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN INFECTION OR RENAISSANCE OF THE DISEASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
E.G. Gumeniuk ◽  
◽  
M.E. Ukvalberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Late Manifestation

Maternal neonatal listeriosis is less common desease, but contributes significantly to neonatal and infant mortality rates. The survey presents data on the the pathogen, epidemiology of the disease, and risk factors. Attention is paid to the pathogenesis of the development of this intrauterine infection. The emphasis is placed on the development of neonatal (congenital) listeriosis, as well as the risk of serious complications for the child. The article describes the symptoms of the disease at early and late manifestation, variants of the clinical course, the results of autopsy of dead newborns. Attention is drawn to the problems of treatment and prevention of neonatal listeriosis. Doctors of related specialties (obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians) should have up-to-date information about this disease.

Aspiration-Induced Pulmonary Injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith E. Nelson ◽  
Marvin Lesser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents can cause a spectrum of sequelae that spans from relatively minor to rapidly lethal disease. To emphasize the extent of this spectrum and to encompass both noninfectious complications and infection, we use the term “aspiration-induced pulmonary injury” rather than “aspiration pneumonia.” In this article we review the relevant literature, focusing on more recent insights into the pathogenesis of lung injury, the natural history of aspiration, risk factors, the relationship between aspiration and infection, and recommendations for management. The relevance to human disease of studies using intra-airway acid instillation in animals is questioned. We discuss the difficulties in predicting the clinical course after aspiration. We identify risk factors for aspiration-induced pulmonary injury that are commonly encountered in the intensive care unit, and discuss in detail factors of special interest to the intensivist, including the impact of tracheal intubation; the effects of enteric intubation, particularly the comparison between pre- and postpyloric routes of enteric feeding administration; and the relative risks associated with particular feeding protocols. We conclude with recommendations regarding treatment and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Clinical Presentation and Disease Course of 37 Consecutive Cases of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) at a German Tertiary-Care Hospital: A Retrospective Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Graf ◽  
Sina C. Rosenkranz ◽  
Angelique Hölzemer ◽  
Christian Hagel ◽  
Einar Goebell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Care Hospital

Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by JCV is a rare but frequently fatal disease of the central nervous system, usually affecting immunocompromised individuals. Our study aims to expand the data on patient characteristics, diagnosis, clinical course, possible PML-directed treatment, and outcome of patients with PML at a German tertiary-care hospital.Methods:In this single-center observational cohort study, 37 consecutive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PML seen at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf from 2013 until 2019 were retrospectively analyzed by chart review with a special focus on demographics, risk factors, and clinical aspects as well as PML-directed treatment and survival.Results:We identified 37 patients with definite, probable, and possible PML diagnosis. 36 patients (97%) had underlying immunosuppressive disorders such as HIV/AIDS (n = 17; 46%), previous treatment with monoclonal antibodies (n = 6; 16%), hematological or oncological malignancies (n = 6; 16%), sarcoidosis (n = 5; 14%), solid organ transplantation (n = 1; 3%), and diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disease (n = 1; 3%). In only one patient no evident immunocompromised condition was detected (n = 1; 3%). Treatment attempts to improve the outcome of PML were reported in 13 patients (n = 13; 35%). Twenty seven percent of patients were lost to follow-up (n = 10). Twenty four-month survival rate after diagnosis of PML was 56% (n = 15).Conclusion: This interdisciplinary retrospective study describes epidemiology, risk factors, clinical course, and treatment trials in patients with PML at a German tertiary-care hospital. Acquired immunosuppression due to HIV-1 constituted the leading cause of PML in this monocenter cohort.

Meningitis and Encephalitis

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Ruchira Jha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Neurological Emergencies ◽  
General Management ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Clinical Tools

Central nervous system infections are frequently neurological emergencies with high rates of morbidity and mortality depending on the underlying etiology. They warrant rapid diagnosis and treatment. This chapter focuses on clinical aspects of meningitis and encephalitis including the epidemiology of common pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal), diagnostic tools, clinical presentations, risk factors, and management. Atypical organisms such as Borrelia burgdoferi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are also presented. General management principles for intracranial abscesses and subdural empyemas are briefly discussed. While there is exciting molecular research regarding genetic susceptibilities for various infections, as well as new microbiological techniques (such as MALDI-TOF, 16S-PCR) facilitating more rapid, sensitive and specific diagnoses, these details are beyond the scope of this chapter since they are not yet standard clinical tools and the reader is referred to additional references.

scholarly journals Lung Injury Induced by Antitumor Drugs: Diagnosis, Features of the Clinical Course, Risk Factors, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
N. V. Orlovа ◽  
O. D. Ostroumovа ◽  
E. V. Shikh ◽  
S. V. Smerdin ◽  
E. V. Rebrovа ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Antitumor Drugs ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Duration Of Therapy ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

57 publications on pneumotoxicity of antitumor drugs were analyzed. It was found that the development of pneumotoxic effects could be influenced by risk factors such as gender, age, tobacco smoking, comorbidities, and duration of therapy. Symptoms of lung injury induced by antitumor drugs are nonspecific thus it is difficult to diagnose them promptly. For prevention, early diagnosis and timely management of drug-induced lung injury during antineoplastic therapy, it is necessary to raise awareness of such a condition in practitioners of different specialties, primarily general practitioners, pulmonologists, phthisiologists, and oncologists.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Arrest

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabella Uchmanowicz ◽  
Wiesław Bartkiewicz ◽  
Jarosław Sowizdraniuk ◽  
Joanna Rosińczuk
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Emergency Procedures ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Objective. This paper aims to discover the risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest (out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (OHSCA)) which significantly affect the decision about prioritizing emergency interventions before dispatching medical emergency teams, risk of deterioration of the patient’s condition at the scene, and emergency procedures.Methods. A retrospective study taking into account the international classification of diseases ICD-10 based on an analysis of medical records of Emergency Medical Service in Wroclaw (Poland).Results. The main risk factor of OHSCA is coexistence of external cause leading to illness or death (ICD Group V-10) as well as the occurrence of diseases from the group of endocrine disorders (group E), in particular diabetes. The increase in the risk of OHSCA incidence is affected by nervous system diseases (group G), especially epilepsy of various etiologies, respiratory diseases (group J), mainly COPD, and bronchial asthma or mental and behavioral disorders (group F), with particular emphasis on the drugs issue. The procedure for receiving calls for Emergency Notification Centre does not take into account clinical risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA).Conclusion. Having knowledge of OHSCA risk factors can increase the efficiency of rescue operations from rapid assessment and provision of appropriate medical team, through effective performance of medical emergency treatment and prevention of SCA or finally reducing the costs.

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