Adipose Tissue Stem Cells for Therapy: An Update on the Progress of Isolation, Culture, Storage, and Clinical Application

Adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs), known as multipotent stem cells, are most commonly used in the clinical applications in recent years. Adipose tissues (AT) have the advantage in the harvesting, isolation, and expansion of ASCs, especially an abundant amount of stem cells compared to bone marrow. ASCs can be found in stromal vascular fractions (SVF) which are easily obtained from the dissociation of adipose tissue. Both SVFs and culture-expanded ASCs exhibit the stem cell characteristics such as differentiation into multiple cell types, regeneration, and immune regulators. Therefore, SVFs and ASCs have been researched to evaluate the safety and benefits for human use. In fact, the number of clinical trials on ASCs is going to increase by years; however, most trials are in phase I and II, and lack phase III and IV. This systemic review highlights and updates the process of the harvesting, characteristics, isolation, culture, storage, and application of ASCs, as well as provides further directions on the therapeutic use of ASCs.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Adipose and Other Tissues: Basic Biological Properties and Clinical Applications

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2012/461718 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Hakan Orbay ◽

Morikuni Tobita ◽

Hiroshi Mizuno

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Therapeutic Tool ◽

Adult Tissues ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

Multiple Cell

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that were initially isolated from bone marrow. However, subsequent research has shown that other adult tissues also contain MSCs. MSCs originate from mesenchyme, which is embryonic tissue derived from the mesoderm. These cells actively proliferate, giving rise to new cells in some tissues, but remain quiescent in others. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Isolation and induction of these cells could provide a new therapeutic tool for replacing damaged or lost adult tissues. However, the biological properties and use of stem cells in a clinical setting must be well established before significant clinical benefits are obtained. This paper summarizes data on the biological properties of MSCs and discusses current and potential clinical applications.

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Human adipose tissue stem cells: relevance in the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic diseases and therapeutic applications

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine ◽

10.1017/erm.2012.13 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Angelo Cignarelli ◽

Sebastio Perrini ◽

Romina Ficarella ◽

Alessandro Peschechera ◽

Pasquale Nigro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Cell Types ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Therapeutic Applications ◽

Metabolic Characteristics

Stem cells are unique cells exhibiting self-renewing properties and the potential to differentiate into multiple specialised cell types. Totipotent or pluripotent stem cells are generally abundant in embryonic or fetal tissues, but the use of discarded embryos as sources of these cells raises challenging ethical problems. Adult stem cells can also differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. In particular, adult adipose tissue contains a pool of abundant and accessible multipotent stem cells, designated as adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), that are able to replicate as undifferentiated cells, to develop as mature adipocytes and to differentiate into multiple other cell types along the mesenchymal lineage, including chondrocytes, myocytes and osteocytes, and also into cells of endodermal and neuroectodermal origin, including beta-cells and neurons, respectively. An impairment in the differentiation potential and biological functions of ASCs may contribute to the development of obesity and related comorbidities. In this review, we summarise different aspects of the ASCs with special reference to the isolation and characterisation of these cell populations, their relation to the biochemical features of the adipose tissue depot of origin and to the metabolic characteristics of the donor subject and discuss some prospective therapeutic applications.

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Comparison of the Proliferation and Differentiation Potential of Human Urine-, Placenta Decidua Basalis-, and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2018/7131532 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chengguang Wu ◽

Long Chen ◽

Yi-zhou Huang ◽

Yongcan Huang ◽

Ornella Parolini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Stem Cell Differentiation ◽

Cell Types ◽

Stem Cell Marker ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Decidua Basalis

Human multipotent stem cell-based therapies have shown remarkable potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple adult cell types under appropriate conditions. Presently, human multipotent stem cells can be isolated from different sources, but variation among their basic biology can result in suboptimal selection of seed cells in preclinical and clinical research. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare the biological characteristics of multipotent stem cells isolated from human bone marrow, placental decidua basalis, and urine, respectively. First, we found that urine-derived stem cells (USCs) displayed different morphologies compared with other stem cell types. USCs and placenta decidua basalis-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDB-MSCs) had superior proliferation ability in contrast to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); these cells grew to have the highest colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. In phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, similarity among all stem cell marker expression was found, excluding CD29 and CD105. Regarding stem cell differentiation capability, USCs were observed to have better adipogenic and endothelial abilities as well as vascularization potential compared to BMSCs and PDB-MSCs. As for osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, BMSCs were superior to all three stem cell types. Future therapeutic indications and clinical applications of BMSCs, PDB-MSCs, and USCs should be based on their characteristics, such as growth kinetics and differentiation capabilities.

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Isolation of multipotent stem cells from mouse adipose tissue

Journal of Dermatological Science ◽

10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.05.015 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

Naoki Yamamoto ◽

Hirohiko Akamatsu ◽

Seiji Hasegawa ◽

Takaaki Yamada ◽

Satoru Nakata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells

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Stem Cells Applications in Therapeutics and Site-Specific Genome Editing Through CRISPR Cas9 System

Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation ◽

10.26420/jstemcellrestransplant.2021.1033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Javed M ◽

◽

Khan A ◽

Mukheed M ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Genome Editing ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Disease Modeling ◽

Cell Types ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Site Specific ◽

Regenerative Medicines ◽

Induced Pluripotent ◽

Adult Cells

Stem cells ae immature cells that have ability to differentiate into all specific and mature cells in body. The two main characteristics of stem cells are selfrenewable and ability to differentiate into all mature, functional and adult cells types. There are the two major classes a) pluripotent stem cells which have potential to differentiate in all adult cell and b) multipotent stem cells which have capacity to differentiate into many adult cells but not in all cell types. Due to the self-renewable ability stem cells are use in therapeutics, tissue regeneration, disease modeling and regenerative medicines and to treat cardiovascular diseases, neural disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and most importantly to treat carcinomas. The human induced pluripotent stem cells provide a great platform to study and treatment of human diseases because these are able to differentiate into many functional and specialized adult cells of body. The genome editing tools such as CRISPR Cas9 system and TALENs are used to generate multiple DNA variants in hPSCs by inducing site specific mutations, frame shift mutation and deletion. In present days CRISPR Cas9 is more efficient and frequent method for genome editing which is derived from bacterial cell.

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Neurotransmitter Modulation of Carotid Body Germinal Niche

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21218231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (21) ◽

pp. 8231

Author(s):

Verónica Sobrino ◽

Aida Platero-Luengo ◽

Valentina Annese ◽

Elena Navarro-Guerrero ◽

Patricia González-Rodríguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Carotid Body ◽

Close Contact ◽

Cell Activity ◽

Cell Types ◽

Clinical Tool ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Glomus Cells ◽

Afferent Fibers ◽

Sensory Fibers

The carotid body (CB), a neural-crest-derived organ and the main arterial chemoreceptor in mammals, is composed of clusters of cells called glomeruli. Each glomerulus contains neuron-like, O2-sensing glomus cells, which are innervated by sensory fibers of the petrosal ganglion and are located in close contact with a dense network of fenestrated capillaries. In response to hypoxia, glomus cells release transmitters to activate afferent fibers impinging on the respiratory and autonomic centers to induce hyperventilation and sympathetic activation. Glomus cells are embraced by interdigitating processes of sustentacular, glia-like, type II cells. The CB has an extraordinary structural plasticity, unusual for a neural tissue, as it can grow several folds its size in subjects exposed to sustained hypoxia (as for example in high altitude dwellers or in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases). CB growth in hypoxia is mainly due to the generation of new glomeruli and blood vessels. In recent years it has been shown that the adult CB contains a collection of quiescent multipotent stem cells, as well as immature progenitors committed to the neurogenic or the angiogenic lineages. Herein, we review the main properties of the different cell types in the CB germinal niche. We also summarize experimental data suggesting that O2-sensitive glomus cells are the master regulators of CB plasticity. Upon exposure to hypoxia, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released by glomus cells act as paracrine signals that induce proliferation and differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors, thus causing CB hypertrophy and an increased sensory output. Pharmacological modulation of glomus cell activity might constitute a useful clinical tool to fight pathologies associated with exaggerated sympathetic outflow due to CB overactivation.

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Construction of 3D Cellular Composites with Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue and Endothelial Cells by Use of Optical Tweezers in a Natural Polymer Solution

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12111759 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1759 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takehiro Yamazaki ◽

Toshifumi Kishimoto ◽

Paweł Leszczyński ◽

Koichiro Sadakane ◽

Takahiro Kenmotsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Optical Tweezers ◽

Single Cells ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cellular Interactions ◽

Research Fields ◽

Wide Range

To better understand the regulation and function of cellular interactions, three-dimensional (3D) assemblies of single cells and subsequent functional analysis are gaining popularity in many research fields. While we have developed strategies to build stable cellular structures using optical tweezers in a minimally invasive state, methods for manipulating a wide range of cell types have yet to be established. To mimic organ-like structures, the construction of 3D cellular assemblies with variety of cell types is essential. Our recent studies have shown that the presence of nonspecific soluble polymers in aqueous solution is the key to creating stable 3D cellular assemblies efficiently. The present study further expands on the construction of 3D single cell assemblies using two different cell types. We have successfully generated 3D cellular assemblies, using GFP-labeled adipose tissue-derived stem cells and endothelial cells by using optical tweezers. Our findings will support the development of future applications to further characterize cellular interactions in tissue regeneration.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Promising Cell Source for Integration in Novel In Vitro Models

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10091306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1306

Author(s):

Ann-Kristin Afflerbach ◽

Mark D. Kiri ◽

Tahir Detinis ◽

Ben M. Maoz

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Cell Source ◽

Fundamental Research ◽

Multiple Cell ◽

Vitro Model

The human-relevance of an in vitro model is dependent on two main factors—(i) an appropriate human cell source and (ii) a modeling platform that recapitulates human in vivo conditions. Recent years have brought substantial advancements in both these aspects. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising cell source, as these cells can differentiate into multiple cell types, yet do not raise the ethical and practical concerns associated with other types of stem cells. In turn, advanced bioengineered in vitro models such as microfluidics, Organs-on-a-Chip, scaffolds, bioprinting and organoids are bringing researchers ever closer to mimicking complex in vivo environments, thereby overcoming some of the limitations of traditional 2D cell cultures. This review covers each of these advancements separately and discusses how the integration of MSCs into novel in vitro platforms may contribute enormously to clinical and fundamental research.

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Biological Characteristics and Multilineage Differentiation of Kidney Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from the Tibetan Mastiff

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2019.2093 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 904-913

Author(s):

Bing Yan ◽

Ruining Liang ◽

Meng Ji ◽

Qi-Qige Wuyun ◽

Weijun Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Marker Gene ◽

Cell Types ◽

Immunofluorescence Staining ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Different Cell Types

Of all the significant researches that have taken place in isolation, culture and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the field of kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells (KMSCs) in Tibetan mastiff is still a blank. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to isolate, culture and characterize the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs. The KMSCs were successfully isolated from one-day year old Tibetan mastiff kidney, cultured for 16 passages and distinguished by two methods: immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. The Tibetan mastiff KMSCs expressed specific surface marker genes (VIM, CD44, FN1, CD90, CD109, CD73, FN1) and kidney marker gene PAX2. The proliferation ability of Tibetan mastiff KMSCs was measured through cell count and clonality. Furthermore, cells differentiated into different cell types (hepatocellular cells, osteogenic cells, adipogenic cells and chondrogenic cells) under special induced medium, and the marker genes of induced cells were identified with Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. All of these results indicated that the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs were obtained successfully, which possessed certain characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Therefore, MSCs in Tibetan mastiff kidney hold potential for clinical applications for regenerative therapy and their further studies are waiting to be required to investigate their functions.

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