scholarly journals Bonamia exitiosa in European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis) on the Croatian Adriatic Coast from 2016 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Dražen Oraić ◽  
Relja Beck ◽  
Željko Pavlinec ◽  
Ivana Giovanna Zupičić ◽  
Ljupka Maltar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Ostrea Edulis ◽  
The North ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Bonamia Ostreae ◽  
Oyster Farms

The annual production of European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) in Croatia is about 50 to 65 tons, and it has a long tradition. All Croatian oyster farms are subjected to the national surveillance program aiming to detect the presence of Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia refringens according to the Council Directive 2006/88/EC. Within the surveillance program, the first findings of the parasite Bonamia spp. occurred in 2016 in two production areas in the north and south of the Eastern Adriatic coast. The repeated findings of the parasite were noted up to 2020 but also on two additional sites in the north. The parasite was detected by cytological analysis of stained heart smears, histological examination, and PCR. PCR positive samples were sequenced for SSU rDNA gene, and BLAST analysis confirmed infection with Bonamia exitiosa. Attempts to prove the Pacific oyster as a putative vector of the parasite failed. The infection prevalence from 2016 until 2020 ranged from 3.3 to 20% in different sites. No mortalities were reported from the infected sites, and it seemed that infection of flat oysters with B. exitiosa did not affect their health. The study has not shown the source and way of infection spread, which imposes the need for more comprehensive molecular and epidemiological studies.

Observations raise the question if the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, can act as either a carrier or a reservoir for Bonamia ostreae or Bonamia exitiosa

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (10) ◽  
pp. 1515-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. LYNCH ◽  
E. ABOLLO ◽  
A. RAMILO ◽  
A. CAO ◽  
S. C. CULLOTY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Ostrea Edulis ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bonamia Ostreae ◽  
Polymerase Chain

SUMMARYThis study investigated the ability of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to act as a carrier or reservoir of the protistan Bonamia ostreae. Studies were carried out independently in Ireland and in Spain. Naïve C. gigas were exposed to B. ostreae both in the field and in the laboratory via natural exposure or experimental injection. Naïve flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, were placed in tanks with previously exposed C. gigas. Oysters were screened for B. ostreae by examination of ventricular heart smears and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of tissue samples (gill and/or heart) and shell cavity fluid. PCR-positive oysters were further screened using histology and in situ hybridization (ISH). B. ostreae DNA was detected in the tissues and/or shell cavity fluid of a small number of C. gigas in the field and in the laboratory. B. ostreae-like cells were visualized in the haemocytes of 1 C. gigas and B. ostreae-like cells were observed extracellularly in the connective tissues of 1 other C. gigas. When C. gigas naturally exposed to B. ostreae were held with naïve O. edulis, B. ostreae DNA was detected in O. edulis; however, B. ostreae cells were not visualized. In Spain, B. exitiosa DNA was also detected in Pacific oyster tissues. The results of this study have important implications for C. gigas transfers from B. ostreae-endemic areas to uninfected areas and highlight B. ostreae and B. exitiosa's ability to survive extracellularly and in other non-typical hosts.

WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-187
Author(s):  
Arif Sultan
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circumstances,economic cooperation among Muslim countries should be onthe top of their agenda.Muslim countries today constitute about one-third of the membershipof the United Nations. There are around 56 independentMuslim states with a population of around 800 million coveringabout 20 percent of the land area of the world. Stretchingbetween Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Muslim Worldstraddles from North Africa to Indonesia, in two major Islamicblocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africa to Indonesia,in two major blocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africaand Asia and a smaller group in South and Southeast Asia.'GATT is a multilateral agreement on tariffs and trade establishing thecode of rules, regulations, and modalities regulating and operating internationaltrade. It also serves as a forum for discussions and negotiations ...

scholarly journals The evolving response of mesopelagic fishes to declining midwater oxygen concentrations in the southern and central California Current

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Anthony Koslow ◽  
Pete Davison ◽  
Erica Ferrer ◽  
S Patricia A Jiménez Rosenberg ◽  
Gerardo Aceves-Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
California Current ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Oxygen Minimum Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Abstract Declining oxygen concentrations in the deep ocean, particularly in areas with pronounced oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), are a growing global concern related to global climate change. Its potential impacts on marine life remain poorly understood. A previous study suggested that the abundance of a diverse suite of mesopelagic fishes off southern California was closely linked to trends in midwater oxygen concentration. This study expands the spatial and temporal scale of that analysis to examine how mesopelagic fishes are responding to declining oxygen levels in the California Current (CC) off central, southern, and Baja California. Several warm-water mesopelagic species, apparently adapted to the shallower, more intense OMZ off Baja California, are shown to be increasing despite declining midwater oxygen concentrations and becoming increasingly dominant, initially off Baja California and subsequently in the CC region to the north. Their increased abundance is associated with warming near-surface ocean temperature, the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal oscillation and Multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation Index, and the increased flux of Pacific Equatorial Water into the southern CC.

The Relevance of Old World Archaeology to the First Entry of Man into New Worlds: Colonization Seen from the Antipodes

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia J. Hallam
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Peopling Of The Americas ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Innovation ◽  
Considerable Complexity

Following several discussions in recent numbers of Quaternary Research on the peopling of the Americas, this paper suggests that movements into the New World should be viewed in the wider context of subsistence, technology, and movement around the western littorals of the Pacific, resulting in the colonization not of one but of two new continents by men out of Asia. Specific points which have been raised by these recent papers are reviewed in the light of Australian, Wallacian, and East Asian data.(1) The earliness of watercraft is evidenced by chronology of the human diaspora through Wallacia and Greater Australia.(2) The simplistic nomenclature of chopper-flake traditions masks considerable complexity and technological potential, revealed in detailed Antipodean studies.(3) These traditions also have great potential for adapting to differing ecological zones, evidenced within Greater Australia; and for technological and economic innovation there, through Southeast Asia, and to Japan and the north Asian littoral.(4) The history of discovery and the nature of the evidence from Australia cannot validly be used to controvert early dates in the Americas.(5) Demographic data from Australia suggest that total commitment to a rapid-spread “bowwave” model for the peopling of new continents may be unwise.

scholarly journals Phylogeography in an “oyster” shell provides first insights into the genetic structure of an extinct Ostrea edulis population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hayer ◽  
Dirk Brandis ◽  
Alexander Immel ◽  
Julian Susat ◽  
Montserrat Torres-Oliva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Oyster Shell ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ostrea Edulis ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
The North

AbstractThe historical phylogeography of Ostrea edulis was successfully depicted in its native range for the first time using ancient DNA methods on dry shells from museum collections. This research reconstructed the historical population structure of the European flat oyster across Europe in the 1870s—including the now extinct population in the Wadden Sea. In total, four haplogroups were identified with one haplogroup having a patchy distribution from the North Sea to the Atlantic coast of France. This irregular distribution could be the result of translocations. The other three haplogroups are restricted to narrow geographic ranges, which may indicate adaptation to local environmental conditions or geographical barriers to gene flow. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the four haplogroups suggests the signatures of glacial refugia and postglacial expansion. The comparison with present-day O. edulis populations revealed a temporally stable population genetic pattern over the past 150 years despite large-scale translocations. This historical phylogeographic reconstruction was able to discover an autochthonous population in the German and Danish Wadden Sea in the late nineteenth century, where O. edulis is extinct today. The genetic distinctiveness of a now-extinct population hints at a connection between the genetic background of O. edulis in the Wadden Sea and for its absence until today.

scholarly journals Research Gap Analysis of Remote Sensing Application in Fisheries: Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Research Hotspots

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.

War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-411
Author(s):  
Chris Madsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strategic Procurement

Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.

A 2011-2018 Fukushima Perspective on North Pacific Mode Water Pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Macdonald ◽  
Sachiko Yoshida ◽  
Irina Rypina
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mode Water ◽  
Eastern Basin ◽  
Mode Waters ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

<p>This investigation uses the tracer information provided by the 2011 direct ocean release of radio-isotopes, (<sup>137</sup>Cs, ~30-year half-life and <sup>134</sup>Cs, ~2-year half-life) from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) together with hydrographic profiles to better understand the origins and pathways of mode waters in the North Pacific Ocean. While using information provided by radionuclide observations taken from across the basin, the main focus is on the eastern basin and results from analyses of two data sets 2015 (GO-SHIP) and 2018 (GEOTRACES) along the 152°W meridian. The study looks at how mode waters formed in the spring of 2011 have spread and mixed, and how they have not. Our radiocesium isotope samples tell a story of a surprisingly confined pathway for these waters and suggest that circulation to the north into the subpolar gyre occurs more quickly than circulation to the south into the subtropical gyre. They indicate that in spite of crossing 6000 km in their journey across the Pacific, the densest 2011 mode waters stayed together spreading by only a few hundred kilometers in the north/south direction, remained subsurface (below ~200 m) for most of the trip, and only saw the atmosphere again as they followed shoaling density surfaces into the boundary of the Alaska Gyre. The more recent data are sparse and do not allow direct measurement of the FDNPP specific <sup>134</sup>Cs, however they do provide some information on mode water evolution in the eastern North Pacific seven years after the accident. </p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Moisture Sources in two Extreme Landfalling Atmospheric River Events using an Eulerian WRF-Tracers tool

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Eiras-Barca ◽  
Francina Dominguez ◽  
Huancui Hu ◽  
A. Daniel Garaboa-Paz ◽  
Gonzalo Miguez-Macho
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Cold Front ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Atmospheric River ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Tropical Moisture

Abstract. A new 3D Tracer tool is coupled to the WRF model to analyze the origin of the moisture in two extreme Atmospheric River (AR) events: the so-called Great Coast Gale of 2007 in the Pacific Basin, and the Great Storm of 1987 in the North Atlantic. Results show that between 80 % and 90 % of the moisture advected by the ARs, as well as between 70 % and 80 % of the associated precipitation have a tropical or subtropical origin. Local convergence transport is responsible for the remaining moisture and precipitation. The ratio of tropical moisture to total moisture is maximized as the cold front arrives to land. Vertical cross sections of the moisture suggest that the maximum in humidity does not necessarily coincide with the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) of the extratropical cyclone. Instead, the amount of tropical humidity is maximized in the lowest atmospheric level in southern latitudes, and can be located above, below or ahead the LLJ in northern latitudes in both analyzed cases.

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