scholarly journals Retention of Matured Trees to Conserve Fungal Diversity and Edible Sporocarps from Short-Rotation Pinus radiata Plantations in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
Tatek Dejene ◽  
Emanda Worku ◽  
Pablo Martín-Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Taxa Richness ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Edaphic Variables ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Increasing Trends

This study is conducted in the short-rotation plantations from the Afromontane Region of Ethiopia. Sporocarps were sampled weekly in a set of permanent plots (100 m2) in young, medium-aged, and mature Pinus radiata (Don) plantations. Fungal richness, diversity, and sporocarp yields were estimated. Composite soil samples were also collected from each plot to determine explanatory edaphic variables for taxa composition. We collected 92 fungal taxa, of which 8% were ectomycorrhizal (ECM). Taxa richness, the Shannon diversity index, and ECM species richness were higher in mature stands. Interestingly, 26% of taxa were classified as edible. Sporocarp yield showed increasing trends towards matured stands. OM and C/N ratio significantly affected fungal composition and sporocarp production. The deliberate retention of mature trees in a patch form rather than clear felling of the plantations could be useful to conserve and promote fungal diversity and production, including valuable taxa such as Morchella, Suillus, and Tylopilus in older stands. This approach has important implications for forest floor microhabitats, which are important for macrofungal occurrence and production. Thus, this strategy could improve the economic outputs of these plantations in the Afromontane Region, while the mature trees could serve as a bridge for providing fungal inocula to the new plantations.

Transition management for organic agriculture under citrus cultivation favors fungal diversity in soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Juliana Cristina Scotton ◽  
Sérgio Kenji Homma ◽  
Wesley Luiz Fialho Costa ◽  
Diego Fontebasso Pelizari Pinto ◽  
José Silvio Govone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Management System ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Transition Management ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Soil Fungal Community ◽  
Innovative Solution

AbstractThe present international scenario recognizes organic agriculture as an innovative solution to reduce agrochemicals and practices that degrade the agroecosystem. Yet, the shift from an already well-established agricultural model to a relatively new one is a challenging task and requires further scientific support. This work investigated the influence of transitional management – TM (from conventional to organic agriculture) on the soil fungal community under citrus, in dry and rainy periods. From 2012 to 2015 on, an area in Mogi Guaçú, SP, Brazil was selected, and two treatments were installed: a conventional management (CM) system based on farming practices with agrochemicals and fertilizers use, and another, transition management (TM) based on a 25% reduction per year of the chemical substances used in CM, with soil conditioner bokashi introduced. The performance of the transition system was evaluated in the context of soil fertility and diversity index of fungal taxa, by plate culture isolation, through the richness of Margalef (Dmg), diversity of Shannon (H′) and reverse Simpson (D). Differences in the occurrence and frequency of Paecilomyces, greater under CM and Penicillium, greater under TM, highlighted the influence of the management system employed. Richness and diversity indices were higher under TM. Principal component analysis revealed that 49.9% of the differences in fungal diversity was due to the management system. Only 16.5% was a result of the season of sampling. Four years of reduction/replacement of chemical practices in TM was sufficient to modify and favor some soil fungal taxa and consequently their activity. This research brings promising results to organic agriculture initiatives with relevant results for a tropical climate area.

scholarly journals Floristic composition and similarity of 15 hectares in Central Amazon, Brazil

2018 ◽  
pp. 1927-1938
Author(s):  
Kátia Emidio da Silva ◽  
Sebastião Venancio Martins ◽  
Carlos Antonio Alvares Soares Ribeiro ◽  
Nerilson Terra Santos ◽  
Celso Paulo De Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Terra Firme ◽  
Floristic Similarity ◽  
Forest Diversity ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The Amazon region is one of the most diverse areas in the world. Research on high tropical forest diversity brings up relevant contributions to understand the mechanisms that result and support such diversity. In the present study we describe the species composition and diversity of 15 one-ha plots in the Amazonian terra firme dense forest in Brazil, and compare the floristic similarity of these plots with other nine one-ha plots. The 15 plots studied were randomly selected from permanent plots at the Embrapa Experimental site, Amazonas State in 2005. The diversity was analysed by using species richness and Shannon’s index, and by applying the Sorensen’s index for similarity and unweighted pair-group average (UPGMA) as clustering method. Mantel test was performed to study whether the differences in species composition between sites could be explained by the geographic distance between them. Overall, we identified 8 771 individuals, 264 species and 51 plant families. Most of the species were concentrated in few families and few had large number of individuals. Families presenting the highest species richness were Fabaceae (Faboideae: 22spp., Mimosoideae: 22spp.), Sapotaceae: 22spp., Lecythidaceae: 15 and Lauraceae: 13. Burseraceae had the largest number of individuals with 11.8% of the total. The ten most abundant species were: Protium hebetatum (1 037 individuals), Eschweilera coriacea (471), Licania oblongifolia (310), Pouteria minima (293), Ocotea cernua (258), Scleronema micranthum (197), Eschweilera collina (176), Licania apelata (172), Naucleopsis caloneura (170) and Psidium araca (152), which represented 36.5% of all individuals. Approximately 49% of species had up to ten individuals and 13% appeared only once in all sampled plots, showing a large occurrence of rare species. Our study area is on a forest presenting a high tree species diversity with Shannon’s diversity index of 4.49. The dendrogram showed two groups of plots with low similarity between them (less than 0.25), and the closer the plots were one to another, more similar in species composition (Mantel R=0.3627, p<0.01). The 15 plots in our study area share more than 50% of their species composition and represent the group of plots that have the shortest distance between each other. Overall, our results highlight the high local and regional heterogeneity of environments in terra firme forests, and the high occurrence of rare species, which should be considered in management and conservation programs in the Amazon rainforest, in order to maintain its structure on the long run.

scholarly journals Influence of land use change on the waterbird community of Sihwa Lake, Republic of Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunjae Lee ◽  
Junghee Sagong ◽  
Yohan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Waterbird Species ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract Background Land use and development alter mudflat and wetland habitat availability, although mudflats and wetlands provide important stopover habitats for shorebirds during the spring and autumn migrations and support communities of ducks and geese during the winter months in the Republic of Korea. This study investigated land use changes around Sihwa Lake (Republic of Korea) and evaluated the effect of these changes on waterbird community characteristics. Methods We conducted a land-use-change analysis at the medium-resolution level using land cover maps for 2001, 2007, 2009, and 2014. Also, a tidal stream survey was conducted in Sihwa Lake and the surrounding reclaimed mudflats every season for 10 years (2003–2012) to identify the seasonal and interannual variations in waterbird species composition. To determine the total annual waterbird species and population counts, species diversity index, and interspecies variations, a TRIM (trends and indices for monitoring data) analysis was used. Results Wetland area decreased more than 10% while agricultural land, barren land, and grassland area increased more than 10% due to continuous reclamation activities around Sihwa Lake. Barren land later turned into agricultural land or other land use. Sixty-three species and 566,623 individuals were recorded. The number of species, population size, and species diversity index by year and by species showed decreasing trends that were more marked in spring and summer. Furthermore, seasonal and annual variations in waterbird species composition showed decreasing trends in dabbling ducks, herons, grebes, and shorebirds but diving ducks displayed increasing trends. In particular, shorebirds were reduced to a greater extent than other waterbird species because of the reduction and simplification of the intertidal zone, and shallow waters caused by reclamation and road construction. Conclusions Increased development and construction around Sihwa Lake has altered migratory shorebird populations with a general decline in species diversity and population size. The greatest decline was observed in wading birds, while diving duck populations showed increasing trends.

scholarly journals Impact assessment of an effluent discharge on benthic macroinvertebrates in a subtropical river using indexes

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e45536
Author(s):  
Sharonn Martins Gonçalves Hartmann ◽  
Hérica Rozário ◽  
Ana Lucia Suriani Affonso
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Macroinvertebrates ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Biotic Index ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Calculated Density ◽  
Taxa Richness ◽  
Effluent Discharge ◽  
High Degree

Benthic macroinvertebrates are used as environmental bioindicators in the assessment of water quality in rivers and lakes, due to the sensitivity of some taxa to pollution. The objective of this research was to evaluate the consequences of industrial effluent discharge on the structure of the benthic community present in a river in the subtropical region of Brazil. The organisms were collected at three points of the Coutinho River, in 2013 (September and November) and 2014 (January and March). To characterize the community were calculated density, Shannon diversity index (H´), Pielou equitability (J), taxa richness, Biotic Indices (Biological Monitoring Working Party - BMWP, Average Score Per Taxon - BMWP-ASPT, Family Biotic Index – FBI) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) between sampling points and biotic and abiotic variables. Fifteen taxa were identified and among the collected organisms, the family Chironomidae was the most representative, followed by Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Bivalvia, Gastropoda. According to the results of the biological indices, point 1 indicated moderate pollution and the following points (2 and 3) showed severe pollution. These indices showed poor waters with a high degree of pollution. The results were efficient in detecting the environmental impacts suffered by the river and suggest the necessity of a continuous monitoring of the same.

Age Distribution and Reproduction of Intermountain Aspen Stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter F. Mueggler
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Direct Management

Abstract Stand age and sucker reproduction was measured in 713 aspen-dominated forest plots on nine National Forests in Utah, southeastern Idaho, and western Wyoming. About 95% of the quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands are dominated by mature or over-mature trees. Almost one-sixth are in the 120-year or older age class and can be expected to deteriorate rapidly. The oldest aspen measured was 222 years. Stands in central and southern Utah are generally older than those in southeastern Idaho and western Wyoming. A fourth of the stands had more than 2,000 suckers per acre; half had fewer than 800 per acre. Approximately a third of the essentially pure (i.e., not invaded by conifers), mature or over-mature stands may experience regeneration problems because they contain less than 500 suckers per acre. A decision model is presented that will assist managers in identifying stands that require direct management intervention to ensure their survival as aspen-dominated communities. West J. Appl. For. 4(2):41-45, April 1989.

scholarly journals UAV-Based LiDAR Scanning for Individual Tree Detection and Height Measurement in Young Forest Permanent Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Francisco Rodríguez-Puerta ◽  
Esteban Gómez-García ◽  
Saray Martín-García ◽  
Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Eva Prada
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
Measured Variable ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Detection

The installation of research or permanent plots is a very common task in growth and forest yield research. At young ages, tree height is the most commonly measured variable, so the location of individuals is necessary when repeated measures are taken and if spatial analysis is required. Identifying the coordinates of individual trees and re-measuring the height of all trees is difficult and particularly costly (in time and money). The data used comes from three Pinus pinaster Ait. and three Pinus radiata D. Don plantations of 0.8 ha, with an age ranging between 2 and 5 years and mean heights between 1 and 5 m. Five individual tree detection (ITD) methods are evaluated, based on the Canopy Height Model (CHM), where the height of each tree is identified, and its crown is segmented. Three CHM resolutions are used for each method. All algorithms used for individual tree detection (ITD) tend to underestimate the number of trees. The best results are obtained with the R package, ForestTools and rLiDAR. The best CHM resolution for identifying trees was always 10 cm. We did not detect any differences in the relative error (RE) between Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata. We found a pattern in the ITD depending on the height of the trees to be detected: the accuracy is lower when detecting trees less than 1 m high than when detecting larger trees (RE close to 12% versus 1% for taller trees). Regarding the estimation of tree height, we can conclude that the use of the CHM to estimate height tends to underestimate its value, while the use of the point cloud presents practically unbiased results. The stakeout of forestry research plots and the re-measurement of individual tree heights is an operation that can be performed by UAV-based LiDAR scanning sensors. The individual geolocation of each tree and the measurement of heights versus pole and/or hypsometer measurement is highly accurate and cost-effective, especially when tree height reaches 1–1.5 m.

scholarly journals Population structure of Cotylelobium melanoxylon within vegetation community in Bona Lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
ARIDA SUSILOWATI ◽  
HENTI HENDALASTUTI RACHMAT ◽  
DENI ELFIATI ◽  
CUT RIZLANI KHOLIBRINA ◽  
YOSIE SYADZA KUSUMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Vegetation Community ◽  
Regeneration Status ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
North Sumatra

Abstract. Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Kholibrina CR, Kusuma YS, Siregar H. 2019. Population structure of Cotylelobium melanoxylon within vegetation community in Bona Lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1681-1687. In many forests stand, Cotylelobium melanoxylon is hard to find in the wild at present day because its bark has been intensively harvested for traditional alcoholic drink and sold by kilogram in traditional market in North Sumatra and Riau. This activity has put the species into serious threats of their existence in their natural habitat. We conducted study to determine the population structure of the species at seedling to tree stage in Bona Lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli. We used purposive sampling by making line transect at forest area where C. melanoxylon naturally grow. There were four transects with each transect consisted of five plots in which nested plots were established to record data at four growth stages, resulting in 80 plots in total. The result showed that the Important Value Index (IVI) for C. melanoxylon were 66.33, 17.65, 11.82, 12.90; Diversity Index (H) were 2.9, 1.90,2.88, 2.53 and 12.90, Index of evenness (E) were 0.844, 0.534, 0.85, 0.935 and the Index of Richness (R) were 5.71, 7.13, 5.37, 3.67 for the stage tree, pole, sapling, and seedlings, respectively This result demonstrates that C. melanoxylon still grows naturally in Bona Lumban at all stages from tree to seedling. However, there might be a problem in its natural regeneration as there is big difference of its high IVI at tree stage compared to IVI value for its younger stages. The regeneration status of C. melanoxylon was also classified into fair. This might be generated from the condition that the existing mature trees remaining were no longer productive and healthy due to excessive harvesting for its bark.

scholarly journals Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated withEucalyptusin Africa and Madagascar

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ducousso ◽  
Robin Duponnois ◽  
Daniel Thoen ◽  
Yves Prin
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Putative Origin ◽  
Original Field ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Species Being

Use of the Australian genusEucalyptusin short rotation plantations in Africa and Madagascar has developed over the last century to such an extent that it is becoming the most frequently planted genus in Africa. In order to find ecologically well-adapted eucalypts, foresters have tested different species of various origins and the number of testedEucalyptusspecies now exceeds 150 in Africa. Due to the ability of eucalypts to naturally form ectomycorrhizae, even in the absence of any controlled introduction of compatible ectomycorrhizal fungal partners, their introduction in new ecosystems has direct consequences for ectomycorrhizal fungus communities. A bibliographical compilation, together with original field observations on putative ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with eucalypts in Africa and in Madagascar, has been drawn up in two lists: one for Africa and one for Madagascar where surprisingly high fungal diversity was observed. The level of diversity, the putative origin of the fungi, and their potential impact on native ectomycorrhizal fungi are discussed. The development of eucalypts plantations will inexorably lead to the increase of exotic fungal species being potentially invasive in the considered region.

scholarly journals Macroinvertebrate fauna associated with Pistia stratiotes and Nymphoides indica in subtropical lakes (south Brazil)

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
EF. Albertoni ◽  
LJ. Prellvitz ◽  
C. Palma-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Subtropical Lakes ◽  
Taxa Richness ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Nymphoides Indica

This study was carried out at the Biguás and Polegar lakes, both small environments but at different successional stages. The main objective was to characterize the macroinvertebrate community associated to the aquatic macrophyte stand in each lake in order for this community, the environmental conditions and their water quality to interact. The samples were taken in 2003. The abiotic variables of N and P totals, the temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen, as well as the determined clorophyll a concentration were measured. Macroinvertebrates were sampled with a 500 µ mesh size net, separated under a stereomicroscope and identified at the lowest possible taxonomic level, and their densities were shown as the number of individuals per 100 g of macrophyte dry weight. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Pielou evenness (J), frequency of occurrence, abundance and taxa richness were calculated for each invertebrate community. The Lago dos Biguás is undergoing a process of eutrophication and during the study presented a large Pistia stratiotes stand. The Lago Polegar is oligotrophic and had only a small Nymphoides indica bankwe. The macrophyte associated invertebrate communities in each lake were considered significantly different (p < 0.05). Sixty seven taxa were found for the Lago dos Biguás and 32 for the Lago Polegar. For both lakes, most of the taxa were considered rare, with a low dominance in a few months. The taxa with highest densities at Lago dos Biguás were Chironomidae, Daphniidae and Cyclopidae, and Oligochaeta, Chironomidae and Coenagrionidae for Lago Polegar.

scholarly journals Man-made soil drainage alters the vegetation structure and woody species distribution in campo de murundus

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e49894
Author(s):  
Frederico Augusto Guimarães Guilherme ◽  
Hortência Soardi Maricato ◽  
Beatriz Schwantes Marimon ◽  
Firmino Cardoso Pereira ◽  
Luzia Francisca de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Drainage Channels

Campos de murundus work as recharge zones and are important for the maintenance of water resources in Brazilian Cerrado. However, with the expansion of the agricultural frontier, this ecosystem may disappear or suffer high anthropogenic disturbances. The aim of the study was to evaluate the structure and distribution of woody species, after the implantation of artificial drainage channels in campo de murundus, in plots near and distant of the drains in the soil. We sampled woody individuals with ≥ 3 cm diameter at the base, and established 20 permanent plots of 20×50 m, 10 of which were between 0-20 m of the drains (edge) and 10 between 150-200 m distant from the drains (interior), totaling two hectares of survey. We recorded 47 species with total density of 230.5 ind.ha-1 and total basal area of 1.331 m2 ha-1. The diversity index of species was H’ = 3.18. We recorded higher density and basal area in the edge, and differential distribution and occupation of woody species in the microrelief of the murundus. This provides us strong evidence that the drains have altered the vegetation structure, especially in the edge of the remnant campos de murundus turning the vegetation woodier and denser.

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