scholarly journals Combination of Strobilurin and Triazole Chemicals for the Management of Blast Disease in Mushk Budji -Aromatic Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1060
Author(s):  
Fayaz Ahmad Mohiddin ◽  
Nazir A. Bhat ◽  
Shabir H. Wani ◽  
Arif H. Bhat ◽  
Mohammad Ashraf Ahanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Short Period

Rice blast is considered one of the most important fungal diseases of rice. Although diseases can be managed by using resistant cultivars, the blast pathogen has successfully overcome the single gene resistance in a short period and rendered several varieties susceptible to blast which were otherwise intended to be resistant. As such, chemical control is still the most efficient method of disease control for reducing the losses caused due to diseases. Field experiments were conducted over two successive years, 2018 and 2019, in temperate rice growing areas in northern India. All the fungicides effectively reduced leaf blast incidence and intensity, and neck blast incidence under field conditions. Tricyclazole proved most effective against rice blast and recorded a leaf blast incidence of only 8.41%. Among the combinations of fungicides, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole and azoxystrobin + tebuconazole were highly effective, recording a leaf blast incidence of 9.19 and 10.40%, respectively. The chemical combination mancozeb + carbendazim proved less effective in controlling the blast and it recorded a disease incidence of 27.61%. A similar trend was followed in neck blast incidence with tricyclazole, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, and azoxystrobin + tebuconazole showing the highest levels of blast reductions. It is evident from the current study that the tested fungicide combinations can be used as alternatives to tricyclazole which is facing the challenges of fungicide resistance development and other environmental concerns and has been banned from use in India and other countries. The manuscript may provide a guideline of fungicide application to farmers cultivating susceptible varieties of rice.

scholarly journals Reaction of Different Rice Lines Against Leaf and Neck Blast under Field Condition Of Chitwan Valley

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD Puri ◽  
SM Shrestha ◽  
KD Joshi ◽  
GB KC
Keyword(s):  
Field Condition ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Pyricularia Grisea ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Chitwan Valley ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The severity of the rice blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) of both leaf and neck varies with different environment and it becomes destructive under favorable condition. The leaf and neck blast resistance and susceptible interaction of 30 different tropical rice lines were evaluated under low-, mid- and up-land conditions of Chitwan district and classified on the basis of disease severity with respect to susceptible check, Masuli. Of them, 5, 10, 12 and 3 rice lines were resistant to leaf blast, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible susceptible, respectively. Similarly, for the neck blast nine lines were resistant, thirteen moderately resistant, seven moderately susceptible and one was susceptible. The progenies from Masuli/MT4 had the highest leaf and neck blast susceptible reaction, while the most of progenies from IPB (Irradiated Pusa Basmati), KalinghaIII_IR64, Radha 32_ KIII and Masuli_IR64 were resistant, and the most promising sources against leaf and neck blast resistance. Therefore, the progenies from these parents can be used in breeding the resistant variety. Key words: Pyricularia grisea, resistance, rice lines J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:37-44 (2006)

scholarly journals Use of Chemical Fungicides for the Management of Rice Blast (Pyricularia Grisea) Disease at Jyotinagar, Chitwan, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem Bahadur Magar ◽  
Basistha Acharya ◽  
Bishnu Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Weekly Interval ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Pyricularia Grisea ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Development Center

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia grisea Sacc. is the important disease of rice and different fungicides against this disease were evaluated in summer 2014 at Karma Research and Development Center, Jyotinagar, Chitwan, Nepal. A susceptible rice cultivar ‘Mansuli’ was planted in randomized complete block design and fungicides viz. Tricyclazole  22% + Hexaconazole 3% SC (0.2%), Streptomycin 5% + Thiophanate Methyl 50% WP (0.15%), Prochloraz 25% EC (0.3%), Kasugamycin 2% WP (0.2%), Hexaconazole 4% + Zineb 68 % WP (0.2%) and Udaan (Hexaconazole 3% SC) (0.2%) were sprayed thrice at weekly interval starting from the booting stage. All these fungicides were found to be effective in controlling leaf and neck blast disease as compare to control one. Among them, Tricyclazole 22% + Hexaconazole 3% SC was found to be the most effective with least leaf blast severity (6.23%), neck blast incidence (8.97%), and highest percentage disease control (87.08% and 79.62% in leaf blast and neck blast respectively) and grain yield (4.23 t/ha) followed by Prochloraz 25% EC (0.3%) and Udaan (Hexaconazole 3% SC) (0.2%). It is therefore concluded that Tricyclazole 22% + Hexaconazole 3% SC fungicide could be used to control rice blast at weekly interval starting from the booting stage for three times. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 474-478

scholarly journals Suppression of Rice Blast by Preinoculation with Avirulent Pyricularia oryzae and the Nonrice Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Manandhar ◽  
H. J. Lyngs Jørgensen ◽  
S. B. Mathur ◽  
V. Smedegaard-Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Inoculum Pressure

Avirulent isolates of Pyricularia oryzae and isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana, a nonrice pathogen, were used to suppress rice blast caused by P. oryzae. In greenhouse experiments, both fungi substantially reduced leaf blast when applied 24 h or more before the pathogen. B. sorokiniana, but not avirulent isolates of P. oryzae, systemically reduced disease in leaf 5 when applied to whole plants at the four-leaf stage. In field experiments, both fungi were able to reduce neck blast significantly. No increase in grain yield was obtained by using avirulent isolates of P. oryzae, whereas five sprays with B. sorokiniana from seedling to heading stages increased the grain yield in two of three experiments conducted at two locations in Nepal. The significant increase in yield was observed under high inoculum pressure of P. oryzae. Induced resistance is suggested to be involved in the suppression of disease.

Ratings of Rice Leaf Blast Disease Based on Image Processing and Stepwise Regression

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043
Author(s):  
Maohua Xiao ◽  
Ziang Deng ◽  
You Ma ◽  
Shishuang Hou ◽  
sanqin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Stepwise Regression Analysis ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Variance Method

Abstract. Multi-feature fusion of morphology and texture featuresStepwise regression analysis to distinguish disease areas from natural brown areasCalculate the ratio of the total area of the diseased area to the area of the leaf area to obtain the disease level Abstract. In this research, an evaluation method involving digital image processing and stepwise regression was studied to establish an efficient and accurate rating system for studying rice blast disease. For this purpose, the R-G image was segmented by using maximum interclass variance method in which the lesion and naturally withered region was extracted from the leaves. Then, 240 lesion areas and 240 natural yellow areas were selected as samples. During the experiment, ten morphological features and five texture features were extracted. Subsequently, for lesion identification, stepwise regression analysis, SVM and BP neural network were used. In the results, regression analysis of naturally yellow areas showed the highest accuracy in lesion identification, reaching 93.33% for disaster-level assessment of identified lesion areas. On the basis of the results, it is evident that 153 samples were correctly classified into divisions of 160 tested different rice blast leaves, with 95.63% classification accuracy. This study has introduced a new method for objective assessment of leaf blast disease. Keywords: Disease classification, Lesion identification, Maximum interclass variance method, Rice blast, Stepwise regression.

Genetic analyses of electrophoretic enzyme variants, mating type, and hermaphroditism in Pyricularia oryzae Cavara

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hei Leung ◽  
Paul H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Electrophoretic Variants ◽  
Variant Alleles

Pyricularia oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea) parasitizes a variety of gramineous hosts and causes the rice blast disease worldwide. Through matings among P. oryzae isolates from rice, finger millet, and weeping lovegrass the inheritance of electrophoretic variants of six enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), glycerate-2-dehydrogenase (G2DH), malate dehydrogenase-3 (MDH-3), lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH-1), and lactate dehydrogenase-3 (LDH-3) was determined. All six variants were under single gene control as determined by tetrad and random spore analysis. However, at Ldh-3 and Mdh-3, there were consistent excesses of variant alleles among ascospore segregants. Preliminary data on the genetic control of hermaphroditism suggested that maleness in two Japanese rice isolates might be due to a single gene mutation. Linkage analyses among the six electrophoretic markers, mating type, and hermaphroditism suggested loose linkage between Pgm and G2dh with a recombination frequencies of 43.0%.Key words: linkage, Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast fungus.

scholarly journals Comparative Effect of Fungicides against Blast Disease of Rice

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fatema- Tuz-Zohura ◽  
A. H. M. Mahfuzul Haque ◽  
Md. Asad- Ud-Doullah
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Field Condition ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Seed Sample ◽  
Comparative Effect ◽  
Control Water

Keeping in view the importance of rice blast disease, an experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of the department of Plant Pathology & Seed Science, Sylhet Agricultural University,    and at the field of regional BADC Seed Production farm, Khadimnagar, Sylhet, Bangladesh, to evaluate see health status of the collected samples and effectiveness of fungicides against the blast disease of rice. Treatments viz T1: Edifen 50 EC (Edifenphos), T2: Karisma 28 SC (Azoxystrobin 20% + Cyproconazole 8%), T3:  Nativo 75 WP (Tebuconazole 50% +Trifloxystrobin 25%), T4: Trooper 75WP (Tricyclazole), T5: Stanza 75WP (Imidazole), T6: Amister top (Azoxystobin 20% + Difenoconazole 12.5%), T7: Control (water) were used both in laboratory and field condition. In laboratory, different seed borne fungi, like Aspergillus, Fusarium, Curvularia, Penicillium, Pyricularia, Bipolaris, Alternaria, were detected from the collected seed sample by blotter method.  In the field, treatments were applied as foliar sprays for three times with ten days interval. The lowest blast disease incidence (34.0%), lowest severity (31.6%) was found in T2: Karisma 28 SC treated plots, and gave best result in term of yield (6.3 ton/ha) in comparison to other treatments. The results of the present studies suggested that use of Karisma 28 SC is the best choice against rice blast with lowest disease incidence and highest yield.

scholarly journals Development of blast resistant rice plants using CRISPR / Cas9 system for genome editing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fabiano Touzdjian Pinheiro Kohlrausch Távora
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Susceptibility Genes ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
World Population ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Short Period

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main food crop for more than half of the world population but unfortunately, it is severely affected by blast, one of the most widespread and devastating plant diseases, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Hence, the development of rice cultivars with greater resistance to blast is one of the main focuses of breeding programs. However, due to the complex biology of the pathogen, rice cultivars genetically resistant to the fungus become susceptible in a short period of time. In this context, the knockout of rice susceptibility genes represents a flourishing approach to obtain rice cultivars with a broader and longer-lasting resistance to M. oryzae. The present study aimed to use the genomic editing technology - CRISPR/Cas9 system, for knocking-out genes engaged with rice susceptibility to fungal infection. From previous transcriptomics results of two semi-isogenic rice lines - NILs infected by M. oryzae, potential rice-blast susceptibility genes were selected. The prospection of candidate genes for gene editing was complemented by a comparative shotgun proteomic analysis of the protein profile of the interaction between IRBLi-F5 (susceptible) and IRBL5-M (resistant) NILs in early stages of M. oryzae infection, that revealed a specific set of proteins potentially associated with susceptibility. After the characterization and validation of gene expression by RT-qPCR of the most prominent candidates, the target genes OsDjA2, OsERF104 and OsPyl5 were selected and submitted to a functional validation via gene silencing in planta, using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), in which a clear reduction of leaf symptoms was observed in the compatible identification. Subsequently, the model japonica rice variety Nipponbare was transformed with simplex CRISPR/Cas9 vectors aiming to the independent knockout of each target gene. The T1 progeny of rice-edited plants, homozygous for the null (loss of function)-mutation were tested for blast resistance. As expected, mutant plants showed a decrease of disease symptoms in comparison with control lines (transformant non-edited plants). The results obtained in this study can contribute for the development of rice cultivars resistant to blast disease, besides shedding light on new potential rice-blast susceptibility genes.

scholarly journals Effects of N Application on the Development of Blast Disease and Yield of Rice Under Sawah System in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Clement Afolabi ◽  
Sunday Adigbo
Keyword(s):  
Severity Score ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Four Levels

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea, is one of the limiting factors in rice production causing severe crop losses under favourable environmental conditions. The effects of nitrogen applications on leaf blast development and yield of rice were studied under sawah system of production. WITA-4 and Jasmine rice varieties were planted and four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) of urea fertilizer were imposed. Nitrogen and rice varieties treatments were arranged in a split plot design with N levels as main plots and varieties as subplots, with three replications. The results obtained indicate that Jasmine variety was not infected by the blast pathogen whereas WITA-4 variety was susceptible to the disease. Disease incidence was generally high on 0 and 90 kg ha-1 but there was no significant difference among treatments. However, there was a significant difference (P=0.0001) between the N treatments for final disease severity score and the total lesion area, with 90 kg ha-1 having the highest severity score and total lesion area. Significant differences between nitrogen treatment (P=0.001), varieties (P=0.01) and the nitrogen treatment x cultivar interactions (P=0.05) with respect to grain yield were observed. In terms of yield, Jasmine variety had 5.4 tons/ha on 90 kg ha-1 N treatment but the effect of the blast was pronounced on WITA-4 variety with 4.7 tons/ha. Rice cultivation under sawah system does not preclude rice from blast infection; hence, an appropriate management system must be incorporated to ensure bumper

scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis GB519 Promotes Rice Growth and Reduces the Damages Caused by Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhu ◽  
JICHUN WANG ◽  
Yulin Jia ◽  
Chengli Tian ◽  
Xian Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Subtilis Strain ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Gyra Gene ◽  
Ustilaginoidea Virens

Rice blast disease caused by fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most damaged diseases of rice reducing plant production worldwide. In the present study, Bacillus subtilis strain GB519 was identified from the rhizosphere based on predicted signatures of 16S rDNA and gyrA gene and morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics. Treated with B. subtilis GB519, rice plant exhibited increased germination rate, vigor index, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight coupled with more production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), organic (Porg) and inorganic phosphorus (Phos). In culture GB519 inhibited growth of following rice fungal pathogens (in order from most effective to least effective): M. oryzae, Ustilaginoidea virens, Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Three years studies showed that when rice was sprayed with GB519, there were significant reductions in rice blast incidence both in greenhouse and fields: 70.3% and 62.1% in 2017, and 69.9% and 71.6% in 2018, 75.1% and 75.6% in 2019. Such reductions were correlated with accumulated hydrolytic enzymes including amylases, proteases, chitinase and lipases, and the defense enzyme activity of the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rice. Field experiments showed that the biocontrol efficacy of GB519 was similar to that of other biological and chemical fungicides. Our results that B. subtilis strain GB519 promoted plant growth and reduced blast disease suggest that this strain has potential to be used as a biological control agent against rice blast.

scholarly journals Review: Rice Blast Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Saleh Ahmed Shahriar ◽  
Abdullah All Imtiaz ◽  
Md. Belal Hossain ◽  
Asmaul Husna ◽  
Most. Nurjahan Khatun Eaty
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Sexual Hybridization ◽  
Pathogenic Variability

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea is the major damaging disease in nearly all rice growing nations. Economically relevance with 60 percent of total population of world depending on rice as the main source of calories, may have destructive effects of the disease, however, this pathogen has developed into a pioneering model system for researching host-pathogen interactions. The disease outbreak depends on the weather and climatic conditions of the various regions. The disease's occurrence and symptoms vary from country to country. Susceptible cultivars cause huge rice production loss in yield. The principal cause of resistance breakdown in rice against rice blast disease is pathogenic variability. During sexual hybridization, pathogenic changes may provide evidence of pathogenic variation found at the asexual stage of the fungus. The virulent pathotypes cause severe disease incidence. Only through pathogenicity research the pathotypes can be determined using a collection of different rice varieties that are usually different carrying various resistance genes. Rice breeders now have a number of resistant genes however, most of the breeding programs emphasized upon monogenic resistance. Genetic heterogeneity of M. grisea should be taken into account when screening blast resistant rice genotypes through morphological analysis, pathogenicity and molecular characterization. Knowledge on the virulence of the rice blast and host resistant is essential for managing the disease. Cultivation of resistant varieties with chemical control is highly effective against blast pathogens.

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