scholarly journals Order Routing Decisions for a Fragmented Market: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Suchismita Mishra ◽  
Le Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Market Quality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Market Fragmentation ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
The U.S

This paper reviews the up-to-date theoretical, empirical, and experimental literature related to the trading venue choice in the context of the fragmented equity markets. We provide a brief background on the history of trading fragmentation in the equity market and its determinants. We discuss the direct and indirect impacts of the market fragmentation on market quality in various dimensions, including liquidity, volatility, and price efficiency. Next, we identify possible determinants and channels from theoretical and empirical studies that could explain order routing decisions and present the possible directions for future research. Finally, we discuss the major regulatory reforms in the U.S. equity market on routing venue decisions. This topic is relevant in current times when phenomena such as “GameStop Frenzy” have drawn significant attention to commission-free trading venues.

Abstract 223: Association Between Covid-19 Pandemic Related Anxiety and Advanced Care Planning Desire in Cardiac Arrest Survivors

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Meyer ◽  
Samuel Jacobson ◽  
David Roh ◽  
Soojin Park ◽  
Jan Claassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Advanced Directives ◽  
Health Related ◽  
History Of ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Desire To Change

Introduction: Patients with cardiovascular disease conditions are at high risk for direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 on morbidity and mortality. In light of this, we aimed to assess the extent to which COVID-19-related anxiety in patients with a history of cardiac arrest (CA) correlates with the desire to change or discuss advanced directives. Methods: Between May 15-28, 2020, a month after the New York City (NYC) COVID-19 pandemic peak, CA survivors from a prospective cohort were invited to participate in a telephone-based assessment of the pandemic’s impact on psychological and other survivorship dimensions. COVID-19-related anxiety was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-3 scale, which asks how often respondents felt (1) anxious, (2) unable to stop worrying, and (3) excessively worried over two weeks, and was keyed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Desire to discuss or to change financial and/or health-related advanced directives were reported on a yes-or-no basis. Results: 100 approached, 69 CA survivors participated (53% male; age 61±15 years; 44% White, 20% Black, and 31% Latinx). A majority, 58 of 69 (84%), had no COVID-19 symptoms and/or were not tested. Only 12 of the 69 respondents (17%) showed interest in discussing or changing advanced directives. There were no significant differences in the age, sex, race, or COVID-19 symptoms status between those who showed desire versus those who did not. Desire to change advance directives was significantly associated with increased COVID-19-related anxiety (OR 1.5, CI 95% [1.2-1.9] p<0.002). Conclusions: In CA survivors, a desire to change financial or healthcare-related advanced directives during the COVID-19 outbreak was associated with increased pandemic-related anxiety. The causality and directionality of this relationship require further, qualitative study.

Biotic resistance to plant invasions.

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
John D. Parker ◽  
◽  
John L. Devaney ◽  
Nathan P. Lemoine ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Resistance ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Plant Invaders ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
The Tropics

Biotic resistance to plant invasions takes many forms: consumption by native herbivores, competition with native plants and infection by native pathogens. But how often does biotic resistance prevent the damaging monocultures that typify the most problematic plant invaders, and how often is biotic resistance overwhelmed by the direct and indirect impacts of human activities? This chapter attempts to answer these questions, drawing on the long history of research into biotic resistance. We first briefly describe the major forms of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions as an antecedent to other, more detailed chapters on competition, herbivory and pathogens. We then describe a new neutral model where variance in disturbance promotes invasions over the short term, but over longer timescales only propagule pressure drives invasions. These findings are a cautionary tale; pending increases in global trade and travel, particularly to the tropics, may provide the prerequisite disturbance and propagule pressure needed to ultimately stoke further invasions. Finally, we highlight case studies where invasions have been mitigated by restoration of biotic resistance from native herbivores and competitors. These studies provide strong empirical support that conservation of native biodiversity can be a nature-based solution to some invasions, although it remains to be seen if climate change will alter these effects over longer timescales.

Doing being middle-class in the global South: comparative perspectives and conceptual challenges

Africa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Global South ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative

AbstractLike many key terms in history and the social sciences, ‘middle class’ is at once a category ‘of social and political analysis’ and a category ‘of social and political practice’, in Rogers Brubaker and Frederick Cooper's terms – two aspects that were, and continue to be, entangled in complex ways. Since the end of the eighteenth century, the term ‘middle class’, or the ‘middling sorts’, has been a catchword in political discourse, and it became one long before scholars defined it in any systematic fashion. Once it became a more or less well-established conceptual tool of research, however, it began to take on an academic life of its own, with scholars also using it to describe people who did not invoke this category for their own self-description. But scholarly terms could – and indeed did – also feed back into folk understandings of social stratification. In particular, the recent global popularity of the term ‘middle class’ seems to be at least in part a result of the appropriation of academic categories by policymakers. This article contributes to the discussion on African middle classes by tracing the genealogy of theoretical perspectives on class and by outlining some findings from studies of the history of European and American middle classes as well as recent research on middle classes in the global South. I discuss both the history of scholarly debates on the middle classes and what empirical studies tell us about people's contested self-categorizations, and how their understandings and practices of being middle-class have changed over time. The article argues that future research on the dynamics of African social stratification has much to gain from a regional and historical comparative perspective.

The Importance of Good Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Spetz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Future Research ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

In 1977, the federal government launched the nation's largest and most significant program to collect data on the registered nurse (RN) workforce of the United States—the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN). This survey is conducted by the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration, first in 1977 and then every 4 years since 1980. This article offers the history of the NSSRN and a review of the ways in which the NSSRN data have been used to examine education, demographics, employment, shortages, and other aspects of the RN workforce. The influence this body of research has had on policymaking is explored. Recommendations for future research are offered, in the hope that future waves of the NSSRN will continue to be used to their fullest potential.

Racial Conflict and Split Labor Markets

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-347
Author(s):  
Cliff Brown
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Racial Conflict ◽  
Racial Privilege ◽  
History Of ◽  
Racial Lines ◽  
White Workers ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
The U.S

Recently, scholars have devoted significant attention to race relations in the history of the U.S. labor movement. This research has explored the militancy of African American workers, examined how racism divided particular organizing drives, and documented white workers’ efforts to preserve racial privilege. Much of this work has also emphasized workers’ agency but has obscured the racial implications of labor market characteristics (for exceptions see Maloney 1995; Sugrue 1996). This article argues that racial conflict during the 1919 steel organizing drive resulted from the development of split labor markets, which constrained workers’ opportunities to exercise agency based on class position but encouraged workers to exercise agency in terms of their racial interests. In 1919, the sources of workers’ empowerment diverged along racial lines.

Galápagos, San Cristóbal, El Progreso, and Colonos in a Changing World

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-142
Author(s):  
Peter W. Stahl ◽  
Fernando J. Astudillo ◽  
Ross W. Jamieson ◽  
Diego Quiroga ◽  
Florencio Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Protected Natural Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resident Populations ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Second World ◽  
Contemporary Context

This chapter summarizes the human history of Galápagos and its legacy in the contemporary context of a protected natural area and popular destination for conservation tourism. The recent history of contemporary human residents of the island is examined from Cobos’s death in 1904 through the growth of conservation and ecotourism after the Second World War. The direct and indirect impacts of the current situation on local resources and resident populations, and the responses of islanders and governments to them, are discussed. Consideration is given to the future of Galapagueño culture as the islands transition from a production-based economy to one based on services, especially tourism.

Reflections on the Past and Present of Research on Partisan Identity

The Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-480
Author(s):  
Alexa Bankert
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Party System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Scholarship ◽  
Partisan Identity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Scholarship on partisanship has been transformed by political scientists’ embrace of social and cognitive psychology in the past few decades. This interdisciplinary union has drastically changed the way political scientists examine the origins and effects of partisanship. In this essay, I provide a brief history of scholarship on partisanship, its transformation into a partisan identity as well as its role in the study of polarization. I then demonstrate how this identity framework has propelled research on negative partisan identity in the U.S. two-party system and European multi-party systems. I conclude with a few avenues for future research that could enrich our understanding of partisanship. Scholarship on partisanship has been transformed by political scientists’ embrace of social and cognitive psychology in the past few decades. Since then, the concept of partisan identity has become widely known beyond the narrow subfield of political psychology. Indeed, the sheer volume of research on the origins, measurement, and effect of partisan identity on political behavior is indicative of its centrality in the general discipline of political science. In this essay, I provide a brief (and therefore necessarily incomplete) history of scholarship on partisanship as well as its transformation into a partisan identity. I then review contemporary research on positive and negative partisan identity in the U.S. and beyond, focusing on their differential effects on political attitudes and behavior. Last, I sketch out a few thoughts on the complexities and caveats of current scholarship, including a plea for more research on the interaction of partisanship with other identities, the necessity of studying partisanship in more externally valid contexts, as well as the promise of common identities in bridging partisan divisions.

Biotic resistance to plant invasions.

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
John D. Parker ◽  
John L. Devaney ◽  
Nathan P. Lemoine
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Resistance ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Plant Invaders ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract Biotic resistance to plant invasions takes many forms: consumption by native herbivores, competition with native plants and infection by native pathogens. But how often does biotic resistance prevent the damaging monocultures that typify the most problematic plant invaders, and how often is biotic resistance overwhelmed by the direct and indirect impacts of human activities? This chapter attempts to answer these questions, drawing on the long history of research into biotic resistance. We first briefly describe the major forms of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions as an antecedent to other, more detailed chapters on competition, herbivory and pathogens. We then describe a new neutral model where variance in disturbance promotes invasions over the short term, but over longer timescales only propagule pressure drives invasions. These findings are a cautionary tale; pending increases in global trade and travel, particularly to the tropics, may provide the prerequisite disturbance and propagule pressure needed to ultimately stoke further invasions. Finally, we highlight case studies where invasions have been mitigated by restoration of biotic resistance from native herbivores and competitors. These studies provide strong empirical support that conservation of native biodiversity can be a nature-based solution to some invasions, although it remains to be seen if climate change will alter these effects over longer timescales.

Campaign Finance

2019 ◽  
pp. 414-432
Author(s):  
Thomas Stratmann
Keyword(s):  
Campaign Finance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Campaign Contributions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
Campaign Expenditures ◽  
Money In Politics

The role of money in politics has long been a contentious issue. Over the last decade the amount of money given in contributions to political campaigns has grown substantially. This chapter provides an overview of both theoretical and empirical studies and the scholarly literature that has emerged on this topic over the last forty years. Further, the chapter describes the history of US campaign finance laws. Then, it documents what has been learned from the several literatures that have emerged on campaign expenditures, campaign contributions, and campaign finance regulations. This chapter also suggests shortcomings in the current literature and points to potential avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Anti-poverty policy and health: Attributes and diffusion of state earned income tax credits across U.S. states from 1980 to 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242514
Author(s):  
Kelli A. Komro ◽  
Phenesse Dunlap ◽  
Nolan Sroczynski ◽  
Melvin D. Livingston ◽  
Megan A. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
The U.S

Purpose The U.S. federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is often considered the most effective antipoverty program for families in the U.S., leading to a variety of improved outcomes such as educational attainment, work incentives, economic activity, income, and health benefits for mothers, infants and children. State EITC supplements to the federal credit can significantly enhance the magnitude of this intervention. In this paper we advance EITC and health research by: 1) describing the diffusion of state EITC policies over 40 years, 2) presenting patterns in important EITC policy dimensions across space and time, and 3) disseminating a robust data set to advance future research by policy analysts and scientists. Methods We used current public health law research methods to systematically collect, conduct textual legal analysis, and numerically code all EITC legislative changes from 1980 through 2020 in the 50 states and Washington, D.C. Results First, the pattern of diffusion across states and time shows initial introductions during the 1990s in the Midwest, then spreading to the Northeast, with more recent expansions in the West and South. Second, differences by state and time of important policy dimensions are evident, including size of credit and refundability. Third, state EITC benefits vary considerably by household structure. Conclusion Continued research on health outcomes is warranted to capture the full range of potential beneficial effects of EITCs on family and child wellbeing. Lawyers and policy analysts can collaborate with epidemiologists and economists on other high-quality empirical studies to assess the many dimensions of policy and law that potentially affect the social determinants of health.

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