scholarly journals Fans’ Perceptions towards Video Assistant Referee (VAR) in the English Premier League

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Tommy Hamsund ◽  
Nicolas Scelles
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Association Football ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
English Premier League ◽  
Made In

The video assistant referee (VAR) in association football was developed to help on-field referees judge potentially game-changing decisions correctly by reviewing video evidence in real time. VAR was implemented by the English Premier League (EPL) ahead of the 2019/20 season. Despite its potential benefits, VAR also presents the risk of not being well perceived by fans. This article aims to investigate fans’ perceptions towards VAR in the EPL. Total of 1350 EPL fans from different age groups above 18 years old completed an online survey on their opinion of VAR and changes they felt would make VAR better. The majority of fans were happy for VAR to continue being used in the EPL, but expressed that changes need to be made in terms of how VAR is being used by on-field referees and to assess certain situations. All age groups were generally positive towards the idea of using technology in the EPL to support referee decisions and provide more information to in-stadium fans, but younger age groups showed significantly more positive perceptions than their older counterparts. Implications include advice for the EPL to make changes according to fans’ opinions and to develop frameworks for making changes with fans as stakeholders in mind.

scholarly journals The market for English Premier League (EPL) odds

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanhao Feng ◽  
Nicholas Polson ◽  
Jianeng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Representation ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Game Outcome ◽  
English Premier League ◽  
Betting Odds

AbstractThis paper employs a Skellam process to represent real-time betting odds for English Premier League (EPL) soccer games. Given a matrix of market odds on all possible score outcomes, we estimate the expected scoring rates for each team. The expected scoring rates then define the implied volatility of an EPL game. As events in the game evolve, we re-estimate the expected scoring rates and our implied volatility measure to provide a dynamic representation of the market’s expectation of the game outcome. Using a dataset of 1520 EPL games from 2012–2016, we show how our model calibrates well to the game outcome. We illustrate our methodology on real-time market odds data for a game between Everton and West Ham in the 2015–2016 season. We show how the implied volatility for the outcome evolves as goals, red cards, and corner kicks occur. Finally, we conclude with directions for future research.

scholarly journals KOMODIFIKASI SIARAN OLAHRAGA DI TELEVISI PUBLIK: STUDI KASUS LIGA PRIMER INGGRIS DI LPP TVRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Dhyayi Warapsari ◽  
Lintang Ratri Rahmiaji ◽  
Ade Armando
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Public Television ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Sport Programs ◽  
English Premier League

Sport and media have a long history of mutually beneficial relationship. Sport has become a commodity. Private televisions use sport programs to gain more profits through various methods, such as advertising and paid subscription. The potential benefits that media can gain from sport have driven the competition between broadcasters to get the broadcasting rights and thus drive the broadcasting rights fees higher every season. In 2019, TVRI with limited annual budget can acquire English Premier League broadcasting rights through partnership with Mola TV. TVRI as a public service broadcaster is not allowed to be profit-oriented like private televisions. This article investigates commodification of sport in Indonesian public television, TVRI, with study case of English Premier League. Data are collected from literature study and observation, then it is analyzed from a political economy perspective. It is found that TVRI use English Premier League to gain more audiences and profits through various sport programs - similar to private televisions, but with some limitations that public television has.

scholarly journals Alcohol Hangover Across the Lifespan: Impact Of Sex and Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris C Verster ◽  
Noortje R Severeijns ◽  
Annabel S M Sips ◽  
Hama M Saeed ◽  
Sarah Benson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Aim To investigate the relationship between age and hangover frequency and severity. Method An online survey, generated through Facebook, collected self-report data relating to alcohol consumption from 761 Dutch alcohol consumers aged 18–94 years (61.6% female). Results Overall, young individuals consumed more alcohol than older drinkers, and men more than women. Significant interactions between age group and sex were found for both subjective intoxication and hangover severity, indicating that the sex differences in these variables were greatest in the younger age groups but became significantly smaller or absent in the older age groups. Partial correlations, correcting for estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC), revealed significant and negative partial correlations between age and subjective intoxication (r = −0.444, P < 0.0001), age and hangover severity (r = −0.327, P < 0.0001) and between age and hangover frequency (r = −0.195, P < 0.0001), i.e. subjective intoxication, hangover severity and hangover frequency decline with age. With regard to sex differences, the observed correlations with age for the past month heaviest drinking occasion were stronger in men for subjective intoxication, (z = −2.25, P = 0.024), hangover severity (z = −3.36, P = 0.0008) and hangover frequency (z = −3.63, P = 0.0003). Conclusions Hangover severity declines with age, even after controlling for eBAC or the amount of alcohol consumed. Sex differences were greatest in the younger age groups but became significantly smaller or absent in the older age groups. The relationship between age and hangover severity is strongly mediated by subjective intoxication. Pain sensitivity, lower with aging, might be a mediator.

scholarly journals Intra-individual variation in RMR in older people

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan R. D. Gibbons ◽  
C. Jeya K. Henry ◽  
Stanley J. Ulijaszek ◽  
Helen J. Lightowler
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Made In

In the factorial estimation of total energy expenditure it is assumed that the intra-individual variation in RMR is small. Little is known about the intra-individual variation in RMR in older subjects. The present study investigated the intra-individual variation in RMR in older people. Measurements of RMR were made in twenty-seven older subjects, mean age 71·6 (sd 6·1) years, on two separate occasions (T1 and T2) and on a third occasion (T3) in nineteen of the subjects. Measurements of height and weight were taken in all subjects. RMR measurements were made in the laboratory using a Deltatrac™ (ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter; Datex, Helsinki, Finland). All subjects had fasted overnight for 12h and refrained from strenuous exercise before measurements. The intra-individual CV in RMR (kJ/d) after T1 and T2 was 2·5% in women and 3·6% in men and was 2·6% in women and 3·4% in men after all three sets of measurements. Although mean RMR did not vary across T1, T2 and T3, there was significant ‘crossing tracks’ across the three measurement occasions in some individuals, reflecting a high degree of within-subject variability. The methods used had a significant measurement error associated with them (high R value; significant F ratio in three-way ANOVA). In conclusion, the results from the present study indicate that intra-individual variation in RMR was low in older people. The intra-individual variation in the elderly is similar to that seen in younger age groups.

scholarly journals Determining the level of ability of football teams by dynamic ratings based on the relative discrepancies in scores between adversaries

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Costa Constantinou ◽  
Norman Elliott Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Simple Technique ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Association Football ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Football Betting ◽  
English Premier League ◽  
Academic Study

AbstractA rating system provides relative measures of superiority between adversaries. We propose a novel and simple approach, which we call pi-rating, for dynamically rating Association Football teams solely on the basis of the relative discrepancies in scores through relevant match instances. The pi-rating system is applicable to any other sport where the score is considered as a good indicator for prediction purposes, as well as determining the relative performances between adversaries. In an attempt to examine how well the ratings capture a team’s performance, we have a) assessed them against two recently proposed football ELO rating variants and b) used them as the basis of a football betting strategy against published market odds. The results show that the pi-ratings outperform considerably the widely accepted ELO ratings and, perhaps more importantly, demonstrate profitability over a period of five English Premier League seasons (2007/2008–2011/2012), even allowing for the bookmakers’ built-in profit margin. This is the first academic study to demonstrate profitability against market odds using such a relatively simple technique, and the resulting pi-ratings can be incorporated as parameters into other more sophisticated models in an attempt to further enhance forecasting capability.

scholarly journals Aging during COVID-19 in Germany: A Longitudinal Analysis of Psychosocial Adaptation and Attitudes Toward Aging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Schlomann ◽  
Mareike Bünning ◽  
Lena Hipp ◽  
Hans-Werner Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Psychosocial Adaptation ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Theories Of Aging ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Attitudes Toward Aging

Available theories of aging suggest that there may be similarities and differences in how COVID-19 impacts older peoples’ psychosocial adaptation compared to younger age groups, particularly mid-aged individuals. We analyzed data from 3,215 participants between 40 and 79 years gathered at three measurement occasions between the start of the nation-wide lock-down mid-March 2020 and its lifting early August 2020 in an online survey in Germany. The survey focused on everyday experiences during the COVID-19 crisis and collected various satisfaction ratings (e.g., general life satisfaction, satisfaction with family life, satisfaction with social contacts). Participants also provided retrospective satisfaction ratings for their situations before the COVID-19 crisis at baseline. For a small sub-sample of 29 participants (48–78 years), we explored how attitudes toward own aging (ATOA) measured prior to the crisis may have played a role in satisfaction ratings during the crisis. Both mid-aged and older participants experienced the greatest decreases in satisfaction in the social domain, with more pronounced decreases seen in mid-aged participants. We also observed a partial recovery effect in all measures at T3, and this effect was more pronounced in older adults. More negative ATOA prior to the crisis was associated with lowered psychosocial adaptation. Although ageism arose during the pandemic in the sense that older adults were labeled as a “risk group” particularly at the outbreak, we found in accordance with other studies that mid-aged adults’ satisfaction decreased to a greater extent than older adults’. Beginning evidence supports that attitudes toward aging were relevant for adaptation.

scholarly journals Home team advantage in the English Premier League

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Marek ◽  
František Vávra
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Association Football ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Trinomial Distribution ◽  
English Premier League ◽  
The Bayesian Approach

The home team advantage in association football is a well known phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to offer a different view on the home team advantage. Usually, in association football, every two teams—team A and team B—play each other twice in a season. Once as a home team and once as a visiting, or away team. This gives us two results between teams A and B which are combined together to evaluate whether team A, against its opponent B, recorded a result at its home ground—in the comparison to the away ground—that is better, even, or worse. This leads to a random variable with three possible outcomes, i.e. with trinomial distribution. The combination and comparison of home and away results of the same two teams is the key to eliminate problems with different squad strengths of teams in a league. The bayesian approach is used to determine point and interval estimates of unknown parameters of the source trinomial distribution, i.e. the probability that the result at home will be better, even, or worse. Moreover, it is possible to test a hypothesis that the home team advantage for a selected team is statistically significant.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing COVID-19 and Public Panic with the Moderating Role of Media Use and Uncertainty in China: An Empirical Framework

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Tao Xu ◽  
Usman Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Mental Health ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
External Information ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Uncertainty puts people in a binary state of mind, where every piece of external information can positively or negatively affect their state of health. Given the uncertain situation created by the new coronavirus pandemic, this study claims to be the first empirical analysis of the real-time status of public panic in China. It frames peoples’ intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, creating a psychosocial analysis of public panic. We conducted an online survey of WeChat and QQ users in February 2020 and collected 1613 samples through a QR code questionnaire. We used the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression equation model to conceptualize public panic pathways in different gender and age groups. This underlines the psychological origins of fear and anxiety and points out how the media uses socially constructed public panic. The results show that the outbreak of COVID-19 created uncertainty among the public, and the official media intensified it because of the late dissemination of news about the outbreak’s real-time status. Hence, unofficial media remained faster in news reporting, but the news reporting remained contradictory with official reports. This created doubts about the authenticity of the given information and caused public mental health abnormalities. The study provides a conceptual framework based on lessons learned from physiology, psychology, and social psychology and real-time public analysis to inform policymakers and public administrators about the contextual dynamics of public panic in China. It provides useful insights into the wise handling of this uncertain time and controlling the fatal conditions of public panic created by COVID-19. It has implications for other countries as well.

scholarly journals The age-specific death-rates in England and Wales

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Made In

In the period following the last war a large acceleration has occurred in the rate of decline of the death-rates of the younger age groups. The oldest age groups have not shared in this improvement. This course of the death-rates is in striking contrast to the predictions of two decades ago when it was thought that any substantial improvement in the age specific rates was most likely to occur at the older ages. A large part of the fall at younger ages has been due to the decrease in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis. The death-rates at ages 5–24 are now probably almost at a minimum and if a further appreciable improvement is to be made in them the death-rate from violence must be reduced. Violent deaths account for roughly one-third of all deaths in this age range.

scholarly journals Organization of sports selection in the system of youth and professional english football

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Andriy Dulibskyy
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Football Players ◽  
System Support ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
English Premier League ◽  
Sports Selection

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the organization and conduct of the process of sports selection in youth and professional football in England. The main scientific and methodological approaches of software and system support of the process of sports selection in youth and professional football in England are analysed. The program of the English Football Association "Talent pathway" (in the Ukrainian edition - "Шлях таланту") is presented in detail. The essence of this program is that due to participation in the program in special "Regional Talent Camps" and "National Talent Camps" thoughtful and in-depth selection and sports training are young football players aged 7 to 16 years. The program of the English Premier League "Premier League Primary Stars" has been studied. We believe that a certain selective broadcast of the English system of organization and conduct of the process of sports selection and selection in youth and professional football is possible in terms of the model of functioning and improvement of youth football schools and football clubs of Ukraine. Scientific and practical approaches to the organization and conduct of educational, training and competitive forms of sports selection and orientation in the age groups "U 10" (children under 10 years) and "U 12" (children under 12 years) are analysed. The system of organization of competitions in age groups "U 14" (teenagers under 14 years) and "U 16" (boys under 16 years) is studied. Such a scientific and methodological approach can provide an opportunity to effectively integrate domestic football to the best examples of European and world sport of excellence, which are competitions under the auspices of FIFA and UEFA.

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