scholarly journals The age-specific death-rates in England and Wales

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Made In

In the period following the last war a large acceleration has occurred in the rate of decline of the death-rates of the younger age groups. The oldest age groups have not shared in this improvement. This course of the death-rates is in striking contrast to the predictions of two decades ago when it was thought that any substantial improvement in the age specific rates was most likely to occur at the older ages. A large part of the fall at younger ages has been due to the decrease in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis. The death-rates at ages 5–24 are now probably almost at a minimum and if a further appreciable improvement is to be made in them the death-rate from violence must be reduced. Violent deaths account for roughly one-third of all deaths in this age range.

scholarly journals A Study of COVID-19 Mortality Under Varying Patient Frailty

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Sifuentes ◽  
Olcay Akman ◽  
Daniel Hrozencik
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Infectious Disease Model ◽  
The City

For this study, we modeled the spread and mortality of COVID-19 throughout the city of Chicago. By incorporating group frailty into a classic SEIR infectious disease model, we were able to differentiate the population of Chicago by their response to COVID-19. Three age groups with different COVID-19-induced death rates were examined, and the model sought to showcase the multiplicative deviation of each age group death rate from the average disease-induced death rate. This adjustment for different death rates among age groups accounted for heterogeneity within the population, and sought to introduce a more accurate manner for modeling the spread of infectious diseases.

The impact of smoking in elderly people

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman J Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Smoking has been closely implicated in many cardiovascular, lung and other diseases which are prevalent in the elderly, but most prevention programmes tend to be aimed at younger age groups.The prevention of smoking in retired people is a subject which is not yet fully researched, but there is a little information which suggests that it may be a worthwhile pursuit. Certainly, work has shown that longevity can be improved even in older people by stopping smoking. Coronary heart disease death rates for 65-74 year olds who have recently given up are similar to non-smokers. For other causes of death, especially lung cancer and bronchitis, the benefits of stopping smoking take up to five years to appear. In terms of morbidity, there are suggestions that ex-smokers move reasonably quickly towards the state of non-smokers for bone density, pulmonary function and muscle strength.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination and the Daily Cases, Hospitalizations and Death Rates: a Case Study of Tennessee in the United States. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Roghani
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Vaccination Rates

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 outbreak highlights the vulnerability to novel infections, and vaccination remains a foreseeable method to return to normal life. However, infrastructure is inadequate for the vaccination of the whole population immediately. Therefore, policies have adopted a strategy to vaccinate the elderly and vulnerable populations while delaying others. OBJECTIVE This study uses the Tennessee official statistic to understand how age-specific vaccination strategies reduce daily cases, hospitalization, and death rate. METHODS The research used publicly available data of COVID-19, including vaccination rates, positive cases, hospitalizations, and death from the health department of Tennessee. This study targeted from the first date of vaccinations, December 17, 2020, to March 3, 2021. The rates were adjusted by data from U.S. Census Bureau (2019), and the age groups were stratified at ten-year intervals from the age of 21. RESULTS The result shows that vaccination strategy can reduce the numbers of patients with COVID-19 in all age groups with lower hospitalization and death rates in older. The elderly had a 95% lower death rate from December to March, while no change in the death rate in other age groups. The hospitalization rate was reduced by 80% for people aged 80 or older, while people who were between 50 to 70 had almost the same hospitalization rate. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that targeting older age groups for vaccination is the optimal way to avoid higher transmissions, reduce hospitalization and death rates. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals The Fear of COVID-19, Demographic Factors, and Substance use in a Multinational Sample Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Ifeanyichukwu Anthony Ogueji ◽  
Rachel Bolaji Asagba ◽  
Delroy Constantine-Simms
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age Range

Abstract The global pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had mental health consequences such as fear. Scholars have argued that when people are fearful, they may use substances to escape from fear, and demographic variables can have implications on how to target interventions to people. To date, little is known about how the fear of COVID-19 and demographic factors may contribute to substance use amid the COVID-19 pandemic. From 3 June to 10 June 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 202 residents (Mean age = 41.77 ± 11.85; age range = 18-70 years) in 14 countries. A standardized questionnaire was utilized for data collection, SPSS (version 22.0) was utilized for data analysis, and p < .05 implied statistical significance. Descriptive statistics revealed that residents in Canada scored the highest mean score in the fear of COVID-19 scale, while residents in Australia scored highest in the substance use scale. Further, fear of COVID-19 had a negative nonsignificant relationship with substance use (r = −.07; df = 200; p > .05). Males (Mean = 18.21) scored significantly higher than females (Mean = 14.06) in substance use [t (200) = 1.9; p < .05]. The younger age group (18-28 years) scored the highest mean score in substance use compared to older age groups (29-39 years, 40-50 years, 51-61 years, and 62-72 years); however, it was not significant [F (4, 197) = 2.04; p > .05]. These data contribute to informing future studies that add more questions regarding how different variables may contribute to substance use during subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Manifestations of the Epidemic Process of Measles and Rubella at the Present Stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Pozdnyakov ◽  
O. P. Chernyavskaya
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Contact Number ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Short Time

Relevance.Measles and rubella have been known to humanity for centuries. These two infections have a number of similarities. However, despite all the similarities and a single elimination program, it is not possible to achieve the same results by the level of the incidence of these infections. Goal. Identify common features and differences in the manifestations of the epidemic process of measles and rubella at the present stage and formulate a hypothesis on their explanation.Materials and methods. Methods of retrospective epidemiological analysis of morbidity were used: Evaluation of the statistical significance of the differences in indicators with the Student’s test. To compare the rate of decrease in the incidence of measles and rubella their exponential approximations using the method of least squares were used. To process the research data, the Microsoft Excel program was used.Results.In the pre-vaccination period, the incidence of measles was 4.6 times higher than rubella. For major infections in this period characterized by a pronounced cyclic morbidity, while the intervals between cyclical rises for measles are shorter, and the amplitude of cycles is higher. As the population was vaccinated, the incidence of these infections decreased, while the rate of decline in the incidence of rubella was higher than that of measles. Also, a faster decrease in morbidity and smoothing of the cyclicity, a transition to older age groups, a gradual exit from the incidence of younger age groups confirm that the rubella has a contact number less then measles.Conclusion.The current level of population immunity is sufficient to eliminate rubella in a relatively short time. For measles, which has greater contagiousness and a contact number, and is more demanding for population immunity, this level is not enough. As a consequence, rubella shows better «manageability» in immunization than measles.

scholarly journals Intra-individual variation in RMR in older people

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan R. D. Gibbons ◽  
C. Jeya K. Henry ◽  
Stanley J. Ulijaszek ◽  
Helen J. Lightowler
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Made In

In the factorial estimation of total energy expenditure it is assumed that the intra-individual variation in RMR is small. Little is known about the intra-individual variation in RMR in older subjects. The present study investigated the intra-individual variation in RMR in older people. Measurements of RMR were made in twenty-seven older subjects, mean age 71·6 (sd 6·1) years, on two separate occasions (T1 and T2) and on a third occasion (T3) in nineteen of the subjects. Measurements of height and weight were taken in all subjects. RMR measurements were made in the laboratory using a Deltatrac™ (ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter; Datex, Helsinki, Finland). All subjects had fasted overnight for 12h and refrained from strenuous exercise before measurements. The intra-individual CV in RMR (kJ/d) after T1 and T2 was 2·5% in women and 3·6% in men and was 2·6% in women and 3·4% in men after all three sets of measurements. Although mean RMR did not vary across T1, T2 and T3, there was significant ‘crossing tracks’ across the three measurement occasions in some individuals, reflecting a high degree of within-subject variability. The methods used had a significant measurement error associated with them (high R value; significant F ratio in three-way ANOVA). In conclusion, the results from the present study indicate that intra-individual variation in RMR was low in older people. The intra-individual variation in the elderly is similar to that seen in younger age groups.

Rural-Urban Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Middle-Age Men in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 436-439
Author(s):  
Lee Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Global Concern

Rural-urban health disparities are still poorly understood, due to a considerable gap in knowledge, while a looming heart disease and stroke epidemic in China has caused global concern. This report attempts to fill in the knowledge gaps to examine if rural-urban disparities in heart disease and stroke mortality have widened, which population cohorts have experienced the greatest mortality growth and disparities, and if rurality still matters in China. Age-specific data from 2002 to 2016 published in the China Health Yearbooks were analyzed with the Joinpoint Regression Program. The results reveal that China faces a fast growing cardiovascular disease epidemic with widening rural-urban disparities. Rural death rates have grown higher than urban rates along with fast rising rural mortality, and the fastest increasing rates are found among rural men in younger age groups. These findings inspire further research into the causes of the disparities.

scholarly journals Investigating differences in self-compassion levels: effects of gender and age in a Greek adult sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Eirini Karakasidou ◽  
Georgia Raftopoulou ◽  
Anastassios Stalikas
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Intervention Planning ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Compassion Scale

Self-compassion is a recently developed construct of positive psychology. Several studies have shed light on their benefits on people’s psychological well-being. Furthermore, studies have focused on examining changes in self-compassion according to gender, in specific age groups, demonstrating inconsistent results. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between self-compassion and gender, overtime, in a wide age range of adulthood. The sample consisted of 291 participants, age range between 18 and 72 years of age, of the general population. The participants completed online self-report questionnaires of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) (Neff, 2003b). Overall results revealed that self-compassion levels were higher for men than women. In addition, self-compassion was positively correlated with age, while older men, of 50 years and above, demonstrated higher self-compassion levels compared to younger age groups. The findings suggest the prudence of self-compassion on psychological prosperity. It is also proposed that the outcomes could contribute to the design of more informed, structured, and well-established intervention planning, targeting groups according to age and gender, which appear to be the most vulnerable. Finally, probable suggestions for further investigation are considered.

scholarly journals Trends in cancer mortality during the 20th century in Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanne Freak-Poli ◽  
Peng Bi ◽  
Janet E Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors

An epidemiological study was conducted, using annual cancer mortality data over the period 1907 to 1998, to explore change in Australian cancer mortality. A 3-year moving average mortality was calculated to minimise the annual fluctuations over the study period. The results suggested that overall cancer mortality rose slightly over the past century, with a small decrease in more recent years. The male and female cancer mortality rates diverged over time. Younger age groups had low and stable death rates, 35?59 years age groups demonstrated decreased rates, and older age groups had increased rates over the study period. Modifiable lifestyle factors and other possible reasons for the changes were explored.

Suicidal behaviour in Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous males in urban and regional Australia: Prevalence data suggest disparities increase across age groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1240-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Armstrong ◽  
Jane Pirkis ◽  
Kerry Arabena ◽  
Dianne Currier ◽  
Matthew J Spittal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Male Health ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Regional Australia

Objectives: We compare the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males in urban and regional Australia, and examine the extent to which any disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males varies across age groups. Methods: We used data from the baseline wave of The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (Ten to Men), a large-scale cohort study of Australian males aged 10–55 years residing in urban and regional areas. Indigenous identification was determined through participants self-reporting as Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander or both. The survey collected data on suicidal thoughts in the preceding 2 weeks and lifetime suicide attempts. Results: A total of 432 participants (2.7%) identified as Indigenous and 15,425 as non-Indigenous (97.3%). Indigenous males were twice as likely as non-Indigenous males to report recent suicidal thoughts (17.6% vs 9.4%; odds ratio = 2.1, p < 0.001) and more than three times as likely to report a suicide attempt in their lifetime (17.0% vs 5.1%; odds ratio = 3.6; p < 0.001). The prevalence of recent suicidal thoughts did not differ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males in younger age groups, but a significant gap emerged among men aged 30–39 years and was largest among men aged 40–55 years. Similarly, the prevalence of lifetime suicide attempts did not differ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males in the 14- to 17-years age group, but a disparity emerged in the 18- to 24-years age group and was even larger among males aged 25 years and older. Conclusion: Our paper presents unique data on suicidal thoughts and attempts among a broad age range of Indigenous and non-Indigenous males. The disparity in the prevalence of suicidal thoughts increased across age groups, which is in contrast to the large disparity between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous suicide rates in younger age groups.

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