scholarly journals Land Reform in the Era of Global Warming—Can Land Reforms Help Agriculture Be Climate-Smart?

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Alexis Rampa ◽  
Yiorgos Gadanakis ◽  
Gillian Rose
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Equity And Efficiency

In an era of global warming, long-standing challenges for rural populations, including land inequality, poverty and food insecurity, risk being exacerbated by the effects of climate change. Innovative and effective approaches, such as Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), are required to alleviate these environmental pressures without hampering efficiency. In countries with unequal distribution of land, where issues of access to and use of land rank high on the policy agenda, policymakers are confronted with the challenge of implementing interventions such as land reforms, whilst endeavouring to ensure that sustainable agriculture approaches be adopted by farm-households. The aim of this study is to investigate how land reforms can provide an opportunity for policymakers, particularly in lower-income countries, to enhance not only equity and efficiency but also environmental sustainability. In particular, this study builds on an extensive review of the theoretical and empirical literature and employs a conceptual framework analysis method to develop and describe a framework that explores how land reforms can be associated with the CSA approach. The resultant “Climate Smart Land Reform” (CSLR) framework contains four driving pillars, namely land redistribution, tenure reform, rural advisory services and markets and infrastructure. The framework disentangles relevant channels through which land reform, via its four pillars, can foster CSA adoption and thus contribute to the attainment of sustainable increases in agricultural productivity, climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation. The framework also includes relevant channels through which more ‘traditional’ objectives of land reformers, including economic, social and political objectives, can be achieved. In turn, the (partial) attainment of such objectives would lead to improvements in agroecological and socioeconomic conditions of rural areas and populations. These improvements are considered within the framework as the ‘ultimate’ objective of land reformers. The CSLR framework represents an innovative way of conceptualising how land reforms can generate beneficial effects not only in terms of equity and efficiency but also of environmental sustainability.

The Political History of Indagru VDC

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Annelies Ollieuz
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The Government

This paper traces how the government policies on land rights have evolved over recent decades in Nepal and analyses the roles of existing power relations and vested interests in shaping their development and implementation. It is shown that historically entrenched power relations existing in the patrimonial political system have led to a highly unequal distribution of land. Ways to reduce inequality in land ownership to provide access to land for real farmers are essential, but due to these same entrenched power relations, they have not been implemented in earnest and land reforms over the last few decades have been unsuccessful. As a result, the same types of pre-capitalist social relations have persisted in rural areas. These relations have not been able to generate an agrarian surplus that can be invested in agriculture or other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the concept of ‘property rights’ in relation to land has created a new problem in agrarian development in recent years, by fostering an environment in which people invest in land not to increase production but for speculation. As a result, it has become extremely difficult for poor people to purchase land to have a housing lot or for farming. The present democratic politics and institutions in the post 2006 context have still not shown any capacity or the interest to address the issue of land. Accordingly, the prospects for change at the moment seem bleak even though the rhetoric has increased. Moreover, the changed context calls for a new concept of land reform. This would take into account changes in the agrarian structure and an agrarian economy where mobility is high and injection of cash from outside the country has increased. It is finally argued that successful land reform should be led by grassroots political movements, with limited external intervention.

scholarly journals Contentions and Prospects of Land Reform in Nepal: A Historical Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Jagannath Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
The Government

This paper traces how the government policies on land rights have evolved over recent decades in Nepal and analyses the roles of existing power relations and vested interests in shaping their development and implementation. It is shown that historically entrenched power relations existing in the patrimonial political system have led to a highly unequal distribution of land. Ways to reduce inequality in land ownership to provide access to land for real farmers are essential, but due to these same entrenched power relations, they have not been implemented in earnest and land reforms over the last few decades have been unsuccessful. As a result, the same types of pre-capitalist social relations have persisted in rural areas. These relations have not been able to generate an agrarian surplus that can be invested in agriculture or other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the concept of ‘property rights’ in relation to land has created a new problem in agrarian development in recent years, by fostering an environment in which people invest in land not to increase production but for speculation. As a result, it has become extremely difficult for poor people to purchase land to have a housing lot or for farming. The present democratic politics and institutions in the post 2006 context have still not shown any capacity or the interest to address the issue of land. Accordingly, the prospects for change at the moment seem bleak even though the rhetoric has increased. Moreover, the changed context calls for a new concept of land reform. This would take into account changes in the agrarian structure and an agrarian economy where mobility is high and injection of cash from outside the country has increased. It is finally argued that successful land reform should be led by grassroots political movements, with limited external intervention.  

scholarly journals Effects of climate change on environmental sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Manuela Tvaronavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The World

Adaptation strategies to the climate change include measures that can be taken to take account of the new climatic conditions. This paper aims at assessing the effects of climate change on environmental sustainability. This sustainability constitutes a major problem in many countries and regions around the world that experience industrial pollution, degradation of land as well as natural disasters caused by the global warming. The paper shows that adaptation strategies are often parallel strategies that can be integrated simultaneously with the management of natural resources. They can make resources more efficient and resilient to climate change. The paper shows that reducing the carbon footprint by more than 50 percent by 2030 and eliminating it by 2050 might be a viable solution how to tackle the climate change and support the environmental sustainability.

Contributions of Urban Agro Ecological Agriculture to Ecosystem Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
José G. Vargas-Hernández ◽  
Olga E. Domené-Painenao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Social

This paper has the aim to analyze the implications of the transition of ecosystem services based on urban agro ecology. It advances on the debate over the negative effects of the traditional and industrial oriented agricultural production on the ecosystem services, food systems, climate change, etc. and analyses the principles, methods, and some practices that support the transition to urban agro ecology. The method employed is the analytical of the theoretical and empirical literature review. It concludes that a transition from traditional and industrial-oriented agriculture towards more urban agro ecology is inevitable to improve the ecological and environmental services, the economic efficiency, the social equity and justice, and the environmental sustainability of cities.

Environmental Sustainability of Microalgae Production as a Biofuel Source

2011 ◽  
Vol 378-379 ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Dong Zhu ◽  
Marja Naaranoja ◽  
Erkki Hiltunen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biofuel Feedstock ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Energy Shortage

The issues of energy shortage, global warming and climate change have led to an increased interest in new energy sector, such as microalgae-based biofuels. There are many advantages to produce microalgae as a biofuel feedstock, for instance, high photosynthesis efficiency and uncompetition with traditional agriculture on farmlands. Benefiting from current culturing technologies, such as open ponds and photobioreactors, commercial microalgae farming (e.g., Earthrise) is booming. In this regard, identifying the main environmental benefits associated with microalgae production is pretty important to support this promising industry. Although there are many researches on microalgae production, published information available on the sustainably environmental benefits is fragmented. The aims of this paper are to investigate and analyze environmental benefits related with microalgae biomass production for biofuel usage from sustainability perspective, systematically and explicitly, including water resource, land, nutrient, greenhouse gases and genetic modification dimensions.

scholarly journals Egalitarian and market land reforms in the context of basic human rights and public welfare

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Olena Borodina ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Land Reforms

Based on the generalization and analysis of modern scientific and applied approaches and real results of land transformations in the last century in transition economies, the article reveals the essence of the nature of market and egalitarian land reforms, as well as their goals and general economic results. Egalitarian reform has as its main priority a rapid reduction of rural poverty and development of the new landowners’ skills to build their potential for its implementation in the general societal context. Market-oriented land reform aims at economic efficiency of the market based allocation of resources to ensure the growth of export-oriented agricultural production. Egalitarian land reform focuses on human and the realization of his or her basic rights, while market land reform focuses on the economy. Empirical data on land reforms in China show that their egalitarian nature was based on the creation of a society with equal opportunities of its members in the management of and access to land resources and material benefits obtained from them, and on ensuring a wide spread of the benefits from rural growth in society as a whole. Currently, China is the only country in the world that progressed from a "country of low human development" in 1990 to a "country of high human development" in 2018. The author proves that the purpose of land reform cannot be primitivized to a simple division of land into plots for transfer to private ownership based on free market turnover. Guaranteeing basic human rights and achieving public welfare from a land reform are achieved not only via obtaining land in private ownership, but also via supporting these acts with a fair distribution of control over the production process. Imposing on society a pseudo-scientific concept that land is a commodity that, like an apartment, mobile phone or bag of feed, can be freely bought and sold on market at open auctions, which will consolidate the country's economic power would inevitably lead to even greater income polarization, violation of basic human rights and, consequently, to social confrontations and significant social upheavals. The publication was prepared within research project on "Spatial justice in land use for sustainable development of rural areas" (State Registration No 0121U108142).

scholarly journals Climate change, environmental sustainability and health care quality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans C Ossebaard ◽  
Peter Lachman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Health Care Quality ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Climate Crisis

Abstract The challenges for health care continue to grow and in the 21st century healthcare policymakers and providers will need to respond to the developing impact of global warming and the environmental impact of healthcare service delivery. This cannot be viewed apart from the current Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which is likely to be linked to the climate crisis.

scholarly journals Success Factors of Land Reform and Sustainable Rural Development: History Background and Tendencies

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (92) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
A. Domanskyj
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Cluster Model ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
The Village

Success factors of the of land reforms and sustainable development of the rural areas. Ownership and use of land resources has a dynamic and increasing tendency towards the concentration of land by certain state and public institutions as well as individuals in the historical aspect. It leads to the enrichment of the small monopolists and the poverty of the village. Usually, when a critical limit of conflict will be reached, it should be resolved by state reforms. From the second half of the 19th century, on the territory of today’s Ukraine there were three significant land reforms. First two are the reforms in 1848 in Austrian-Hungary, and Stolypin reform of 1906–1907. Their purpose and solutions can be directly related to the land reform that has started in the beginning of 1991 in Ukraine. Until now, this reform has not yet been fully implemented. It causes a number of progressive prods, connected primarily with the land market. The moratorium on the sale of agricultural land does stands in the way of land mortgages, land capital, investment attractiveness, issues related to land protection, soil fertility conservation, land use optimization, excessive use, land reclamation, and the development of small and medium-sized agricultural producers. Small and large villages have been disappearing, the problems of preserving forests, reservoirs, and biological diversity has been worsening. Certain risks can be seen in the newly amalgamated territorial communities as there is a high dependence between the number of village councils and villages. There are different models of land reforms applied in the world. European models of land reform, particularly Polish and French models are the most suitable in the light of current situation in Ukraine. The model of the harmonious development of rural areas, covering about 90% of the entireterritory of the country, should be based on the paradigm of sustainable development. In Europe, three major models of rural development have emerged: sectoral based on the development of agriculture; redistribution, which involves the reduction of discrepancies between the more underdeveloped rural areas and advance industries and the territorial (cluster) model that implies the development of the rural territories is carried out on the basis of the corresponding interdependencies within the local economy. There five models of rural development in Ukraine at the current stage: sectoral (intersectoral); redistributive; cluster; model, focused on the village, that entails priority given to meet the needs of the specific territory and local tradition preservation; and finally, the mixed, based on several components of the different models, mainly sectoral and cluster. Education, professional enhancement, spirituality and Christian ethics, citizens’ activism and civic society development also belongs to the crucial factors for the sustainable development of rural areas.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC FEATURES OF REGULATING AGRICULTURAL LAND MARKET

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
L.V. Moldavan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Market Management

Based on the analysis of land reforms that have taken place in world practice over the past century, the author proves that the market turnover of agricultural land is formed under the influence of two determined factors. On the one hand, it is the specific features of agricultural land, which is an indispensable strategic resource for food producers, is limited in space, irreproducible and cannot be a product in its classical meaning. On the other hand, land is the basis of agricultural production. However, agriculture performs not only an economic function, but also a social (national food independence, rural employment, population of rural settlements, and arrangement of rural areas) and environmental functions (protecting soils from pollution and degradation, supporting local agrolandscapes, etc.). In this context, the need for specific approaches to the market distribution of agricultural land is justified. Author analyzes foreign practice of the legislative regulation of agricultural land turnover with due regard to their economic and socio-ecological orientation. Also revealed are the consequences of the incompleteness of land reform in Ukraine, which are caused by the lack of definition of the requirements for land users, restrictions on land use, access to agricultural land for foreign companies, land market management and other aspects of land relations, and ways are proposed to address them.

scholarly journals La participació dels espais rurals en la sostenibilitat ambiental. Anàlisi dels discursos d’iniciatives productives en el context rural de Castelló

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Vicent A. Querol ◽  
Xavier Ginés Sànchez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Els espais rurals han estat cridats a jugar un paper central en la lluita per pal· liar els efectes del canvi climàtic. La categorització exògena que ha dividit i separat la natura de la societat i la cultura ha tingut efectes negatius sobre la relació entre les poblacions rurals i les institucions que han de vetlar per la sostenibilitat ambiental. Aquest article es planteja l’anàlisi d’iniciatives productives que, des de les àrees rurals de Castelló, hem identificat amb el concepte de Nova Ruralitat i de quina manera els seus discursos harmonitzen amb la sostenibilitat ambiental. L’enfocament teòric revisa un marc on s’exposen les accions del conservacionisme propi de les àrees protegides i del desenvolupament rural, com també les noves concepcions que reforcen els enfocaments que donen veu i valor a les mirades des del rural. I això sense perdre de vista un context institucional supralocal que concentra serveis i infraestructures a les ciutats al temps que genera normatives que segueixen desequilibrant el territori valencià. El bastiment d’una ciutadania rural conscient del canvi climàtic alhora que esperonada a la participació en els processos institucionals esdevé una de les claus d’una sostenibilitat ambiental que ha de recolzar-se sobre una altra sostenibilitat: la social al rural. | Rural areas have been called to play a central role in the fight to mitigate the effects of climate change. The exogenous categorization that has divided and separated nature from society and culture had negative effects on the relation between rural dwellers and the Institutions that supposed to look after environmental sustainability.

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