scholarly journals Morphosyntactic Development in First Generation Arabic—English Children: The Effect of Cognitive, Age, and Input Factors over Time and across Languages

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Johanne Paradis ◽  
Adriana Soto-Corominas ◽  
Evangelia Daskalaki ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Alexandra Gottardo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Parent Questionnaire ◽  
Morphosyntactic Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Over Time

This longitudinal study examined morphosyntactic development in the heritage Arabic-L1 and English-L2 of first-generation Syrian refugee children (mean age = 9.5; range = 6–13) within their first three years in Canada. Morphosyntactic abilities were measured using sentence repetition tasks (SRT) in English and Syrian Arabic that included diverse morphosyntactic structures. Direct measures of verbal and non-verbal cognitive skills were obtained, and a parent questionnaire provided the age at L2 acquisition onset (AOA) and input variables. We found the following: Dominance in the L1 was evident at both time periods, regardless of AOA, and growth in bilingual abilities was found over time. Cognitive skills accounted for substantial variance in SRT scores in both languages and at both times. An older AOA was associated with superior SRT scores at Time−1 for both languages, but at Time-2, older AOA only contributed to superior SRT scores in Arabic. Using the L2 with siblings gave a boost to English at Time−1 but had a negative effect on Arabic at Time-2. We conclude that first-generation children show strong heritage-L1 maintenance early on, and individual differences in cognitive skills have stable effects on morphosyntax in both languages over time, but age and input factors have differential effects on each language and over time.

Sources of variation at the onset of bilingualism: The differential effect of input factors, AOA, and cognitive skills on HL Arabic and L2 English syntax

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Adriana SOTO-COROMINAS ◽  
Evangelia DASKALAKI ◽  
Johanne PARADIS ◽  
Magdalena WINTERS-DIFANI ◽  
Redab AL JANAIDEH
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Syntactic Development ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
English Syntax

Abstract Despite growing research on individual differences in child bilinguals, few studies have focused on the development of syntax, included both languages, and studied newly arrived school-age migrant children. Accordingly, this study investigated the syntactic development of heritage language (HL) Syrian Arabic and L2 English by Syrian refugee children (N = 119) recently arrived in Canada using a sentence repetition task. Regression analyses showed that a partially overlapping set of child-level (input and cognitive skills) and language-level (syntactic structure) factors accounted for performance in each language. HL performance was particularly sensitive to language, cognitive, and input variables indexing cumulative HL exposure. L2 performance, however, was sensitive to cognitive and environmental variables indexing current and cumulative L2 use. Finally, despite stronger performance in Arabic than in English, results revealed interdependence between the two languages, indicating that participants with stronger syntactic abilities in their HL tended to have stronger syntactic abilities in their emerging L2.

Neurofeedback, Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Three Critical Issues for Consideration: Perspective from 25 Years of Practice

Biofeedback ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Mari K. Swingle
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Effect ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Division 2 ◽  
Over Time

For those of you who do not recognize the Swingle name, I am a neuro-brat, generation 2.0. I did not find the field, the field found me, or rather was just there … I grew up with the clicking and flipping of switches and amusing myself soldering in my father's university lab, mostly wire sculptures, bracelets, and such (my mother was an artist, after all), but also the odd connection or two on what were then wall-to-wall computers. Being a neuro-brat also meant I matured professionally in the frenetic energy of innovative minds. It took 25 years or so, and some digressions into other fields, namely, art, fashion, and education, but I was eventually drawn in fully at a Winterbrain conference in the 1990s. These were fascinating years wherein I mostly observed and listened to the great minds that rooted us, great minds that clashed (as titans do) as much as they drove the profession forward. In these cerebral jousting matches, however, I fear many were left behind. Over time I have witnessed fewer and fewer people pick up the excitement of research and exploration and more wanting a road map, finding the paths of their forefathers and foremothers (our pioneers) harder than expected to follow. As this brilliant first generation slowly leaves us to retirement and beyond (the Budzynskis, Tooman, Judith Lubar, Michael Thompson, Stu Donaldson, Larry Klein, Joe Kamiya, and a few more), their legacies should be accessible and foundations strong for us to continue to build upon. It might also be time to put down the swords, to address conflicts that no longer push us forward before we fracture further, not through loss of persons, but loss of standards, knowledge, and skill. To preserve and move neurotherapy forward, three things are critical for our discipline to address: (1) conflict and division, (2) the red herring of the double-blind imperative and its little cousin the placebo effect, and (3) perhaps most important, practice and equipment standards.

FC 068QUALITY OF LIFE OVER TIME IN OLDER MEN AND WOMEN WITH ADVANCED CKD - RESULTS FROM THE EQUAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Chesnaye ◽  
Yvette Meuleman ◽  
Esther De Rooij ◽  
Friedo W Dekker ◽  
Marie Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
P Value ◽  
Joint Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Linear Interaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background and Aims Differences between the sexes are apparent in the epidemiology of CKD. Cross-sectional studies show that women consistently report a poorer health-related quality of life (QoL) than men, however, longitudinal studies are lacking. Here we investigate the sex-specific evolution of QoL over time in advanced CKD. As a secondary aim, we explore the sex-specific determinants of QoL. Method EQUAL is an observational prospective cohort study in stages 4 and 5 CKD patients ≥65 years not on dialysis with an incident estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 20 ml/min/1.73m². Data on QoL (measured using the RAND-36), clinical and demographic patient characteristics were collected between April 2012 and September 2020. QoL trajectories were modelled by sex using linear mixed models, and joint models were applied to deal with informative censoring. We followed patients until death or dialysis initiation. Results We included 5151 QoL measurements in 1416 patients over a total of 1986 person years of follow-up. Overall, the physical component summary (PCS) declined with 2.0 (95% CI 1.4-2.6) points and the mental component summary (MCS) by 2.4 (95% CI 1.8-3.0) points per year. Although women had overall lower QoL scores, figure 1 demonstrates that PCS and MCS declined more than twice as fast in men (PCS: 2.4 per year, 95% CI 1.7 – 3.1, MCS: 2.9 per year, 95% CI 2.2 – 3.6) compared with women (PCS: 1.1 per year, 95% CI -0.2 – 2.0, MCS: 1.5 per year, 95% CI 0.5 – 2.4). We identified a non-linear interaction effect between sex and eGFR levels on QoL, demonstrating a stronger negative effect of decreased eGFR on both PCS (p=0.02) and MCS (p=0.04) in men compared with women. Subsequent adjustment for renal decline attenuated the difference in rate of QoL decline between men and women (difference after adjustment; PCS: 1.1, 95% CI -0.1 – 2.2, MCS: 1.2, 95% 0.0 – 2.3). In univariable analyses, higher serum haemoglobin was more beneficial to QoL in men compared to women (p-value for interaction; PCS: p=0.03, MCS: p=0.01). Higher serum phosphate had a strong harmful effect on both PCS and MCS in men, but not in women (PCS & MCS: p<0.001). The presence of pre-existing diabetes had a negative effect on PCS and MCS in men, but to a lesser extent in women (PCS: p=0.02, MCS: p=0.01). Conclusion Despite the higher overall QoL reported by men, both their physical and mental QoL declined approximately twice as fast compared with women. The faster decline in men was mediated in part by their lower levels of renal function, which had a stronger impact on their QoL as compared with women. Furthermore, in exploratory analyses we identified that high levels of phosphate, low levels of haemoglobin, and pre-existing diabetes were more detrimental to QoL in men than in women.

scholarly journals Assessing and Documenting the Cognitive Performance of Family Medicine Residents Practicing Outpatient Medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen F. Shaughnessy ◽  
Katherine T. Chang ◽  
Jennifer Sparks ◽  
Molly Cohen-Osher ◽  
Joseph Gravel
Keyword(s):  
Family Medicine ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Knowledge Domain ◽  
Ambulatory Medicine ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Development of cognitive skills for competent medical practice is a goal of residency education. Cognitive skills must be developed for many different clinical situations. Innovation We developed the Resident Cognitive Skills Documentation (CogDoc) as a method for capturing faculty members' real-time assessment of residents' cognitive performance while they precepted them in a family medicine office. The tool captures 3 dimensions of cognitive skills: medical knowledge, understanding, and its application. This article describes CogDoc development, our experience with its use, and its reliability and feasibility. Methods After development and pilot-testing, we introduced the CogDoc at a single training site, collecting all completed forms for 14 months to determine completion rate, competence development over time, consistency among preceptors, and resident use of the data. Results Thirty-eight faculty members completed 5021 CogDoc forms, documenting 29% of all patient visits by 33 residents. Competency was documented in all entrustable professional activities. Competence was statistically different among residents of different years of training for all 3 dimensions and progressively increased within all residency classes over time. Reliability scores were high: 0.9204 for the medical knowledge domain, 0.9405 for understanding, and 0.9414 for application. Almost every resident reported accessing the individual forms or summaries documenting their performance. Conclusions The CogDoc approach allows for ongoing assessment and documentation of resident competence, and, when compiled over time, depicts a comprehensive assessment of residents' cognitive development and ability to make decisions in ambulatory medicine. This approach meets criteria for an acceptable tool for assessing cognitive skills.

scholarly journals Influence of the constituents of Izatison, DMSO and PEG400, on the growth and the grain productivity of the oat cultivar Nezlamny during two generations after the seed treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
V. A. Katsan ◽  
A.I. Potopalsky ◽  
B.O. Zadorozhnii
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

Aim. The investigation of the influence of the constituents of Izatison, DMSO and PEG400, on the oat growth and its grain productivity during 2 generations after the seed treatment became the aim of this study for the elucidation of mechanism of Izatison stimulant influence. Methods. The broad scale of the concentrations of the solvents composition in the proportion, to be as in Izatison, was used. The plants were grown in the field. The growth processes were evaluated by the stem height on the tubing stage. The grain productivity was characterized by the panicle length, the grains number in the panicle and of theirs weight. Results. The dependence of influence of the solvents composition on the stem growth from its concentration was detected in the first generation. In some variants the negative influence was revealed on the grains number in the panicle and on theirs weight. The stimulation of the growth regardless from the solvents concentration was observed in the second generation and the more pronounced negative effect on the grain productivity. Conclusions. The solvents DMSO and PEG400 are able to influence on the oat growth and its productivity, and that effect was manifested also in 2 generation after the seed treatment. Keywords: Izatison, DMSO, PEG400, oat growth and grain productivity.

Applied Tests of Design Skills—Part 1: Divergent Thinking

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Roger E. Millsap ◽  
Jay Woodward ◽  
S. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Design Skills ◽  
Direct Measures

A number of cognitive skills relevant to conceptual design were identified previously. They include divergent thinking (DT), visual thinking (VT), spatial reasoning (SR), qualitative reasoning (QR), and problem formulation (PF). A battery of standardized tests is being developed for these design skills. This paper focuses only on the divergent thinking test. This particular test has been given to over 500 engineering students and a smaller number of practicing engineers. It is designed to evaluate four direct measures (fluency, flexibility, originality, and quality) and four indirect measures (abstractability, afixability, detailability, and decomplexability). The eight questions on the test overlap in some measures and the responses can be used to evaluate several measures independently (e.g., fluency and originality can be evaluated separately from the same idea set). The data on the twenty-three measured variables were factor analyzed using both exploratory and confirmatory procedures. A four-factor solution with correlated (oblique) factors was deemed the best available solution after examining solutions with more factors. The indirect measures did not appear to correlate strongly either among themselves or with the other direct measures. The four-factor structure was then taken into a confirmatory factor analytic procedure that adjusted for the missing data. It was found to provide a reasonable fit. Estimated correlations among the four factors (F) ranged from a high of 0.32 for F1 and F2 to a low of 0.06 for F3 and F4. All factor loadings were statistically significant.

Refugee Children and Parental Involvement in School Education

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
Zlata Kovacevic ◽  
Barbara Klimek ◽  
Iris Sharon Drower
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
School District ◽  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Program Model ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Elementary School District ◽  
Refugee Students ◽  
Refugee Education ◽  
Over Time

While much has been achieved in this country to bring about equality for many groups, for refugees it has been a struggle. This chapter explores the state of refugee education in terms of definition and impact for children and families, including coordination constraints. It provides a program-model for working with refugee students and their families within a culturally responsive partnership at Washington Elementary School District, Arizona, USA. In addition, challenges are addressed leading to constant adapting, changing, and improving the program model over time based on the needs of the refugee students and their families.

Conclusions

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Nick Williams
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Entrepreneurship Research ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 9 closes the book with a comparative analysis of the key theoretical frameworks employed in the book in order to illuminate the contribution of returnee entrepreneurs to post-conflict economies. As global migration continues to grow, the role of returnees are becoming an ever more important aspect of entrepreneurship research. The chapter articulates the specific components of isolation and assimilation, detailing that while individuals are returning to complex homelands, their contribution is not currently being maximised. They are not assimilated within the economy, often avoiding policy actions designed to engage with them. This will have a lasting impact on the potential of returnees to contribute to their homeland, especially given that the emotional ties of the first generation are stronger than subsequent generations and thus interest in homeland return may diminish over time.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-150
Author(s):  
Crawford Gribben
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Political Strategies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Marketplace Of Ideas ◽  
Moral Majority ◽  
Religious Conservatism ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Over Time

Paradoxically, the failure of the first generation of Christian Reconstructionists to cohere, either personally or ideologically, has worked in the movement’s favor, creating an internal marketplace of ideas by means of which competing groupings within political and religious conservatism have been able to appropriate and adopt their central arguments. Recognizing that a “moral majority” does not exist, and therefore abandoning the top-down political strategies of earlier evangelicals, the believers who participate in the migration to the Pacific Northwest work to build communities that will expand organically and over time to renew America and to replace the supposed neutrality of its legislative base. The project is working. But it is not clear whether the integrity of these ideas will continue as their audience base grows. Mass culture routinizes what was once regarded as radical, with effects that may not easily be predicted at the “end of white, Christian America.”

Managing Emotions

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Daley ◽  
Antoine Douaihy
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Interpersonal Difficulties ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Over Time

An emotion that is prolonged or persists over time is referred to as a mood. Emotions or moods that are too intense, extreme, or chronic and that cause problems in life often need to be addressed as part of ongoing substance use recovery. An overall goal of recovery is to reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, although any emotion can have a positive or negative effect depending on the circumstance. Negative emotional states can also be exacerbated by physical withdrawal, in addition to life problems, stresses, and interpersonal difficulties. These emotions are also associated with the initial period of becoming drug-free. The objectives of this chapter are to identify the role of negative and positive emotions in recovery and relapse, to help clients identify high-risk emotional issues (specific emotions or deficits in coping skills) to address in recovery, and to help clients learn appropriate strategies to manage emotions.

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