scholarly journals Contested Sovereignties: States, Media Platforms, Peoples, and the Regulation of Media Content and Big Data in the Networked Society

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Pascale Chapdelaine ◽  
Jaqueline McLeod Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Transnational Media ◽  
Cultural Sovereignty ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Networked Society ◽  
Content Regulation

This article examines the legal and normative foundations of media content regulation in the borderless networked society. We explore the extent to which internet undertakings should be subject to state regulation, in light of Canada’s ongoing debates and legislative reform. We bring a cross-disciplinary perspective (from the subject fields of law; communications studies, in particular McLuhan’s now classic probes; international relations; and technology studies) to enable both policy and language analysis. We apply the concept of sovereignty to states (national cultural and digital sovereignty), media platforms (transnational sovereignty), and citizens (autonomy and personal data sovereignty) to examine the competing dynamics and interests that need to be considered and mediated. While there is growing awareness of the tensions between state and transnational media platform powers, the relationship between media content regulation and the collection of viewers’ personal data is relatively less explored. We analyse how future media content regulation needs to fully account for personal data extraction practices by transnational platforms and other media content undertakings. We posit national cultural sovereignty—a constant unfinished process and framework connecting the local to the global—as the enduring force and justification of media content regulation in Canada. The exercise of state sovereignty may be applied not so much to secure strict territorial borders and centralized power over citizens but to act as a mediating power to promote and protect citizens’ individual and collective interests, locally and globally.

scholarly journals Self-Regulation of Genomic Studies and Prospects of Personified Medicine

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
K. V. Mashkova ◽  
M. V. Varlen ◽  
A. Yu. Shirokov
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Personal Genomic ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Genomic Studies

A secular trend of the development of medicine in the 20th century was on the ways of strengthening the foundations of public health, formation of systems of affordable medical care. Human genome deciphering opens wide prospects for using the obtained data in medicine. In recent years commercial medical organizations have been developing genetic research and personal genomic testing services. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the importance of legal self-regulation in the field of genomic counseling in the Russian Federation. The authors investigate the prospects of the introduction of personalized medicine and limitations that arise today in one of the areas of the approach under consideration, namely: forecasting predisposition to diseases of mixed nature, which is related to the peculiarities of development of medical and demographic situation in the world. The question is raised about the need for broad population studies to verify the risk values for diseases with low genetic determinacy. The authors conclude that it is impossible to predict what medicine of the future will be, but the results of genome decryption and increasing availability of personal data represent a unique social phenomenon that should be developed within the legal framework. In the coming years, the debate on the role of legal mechanisms in the self-regulation of genetic research and genetic services will become increasingly important. At the international level, this discussion will be focused on the fundamental issue of respect for individual rights in the interpretation of the data received. As genetic advice evolves, the issue of responsibility for the information provided and the availability of national regulatory mechanisms within the framework of state regulation or self-regulated professional associations will become a key concern.

Exploiting Enriched Knowledge of Web Network Structures

2015 ◽  
pp. 255-286
Author(s):  
Shalin Hai-Jew
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Special Software ◽  
Testing Tool ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Data Visualizations ◽  
The Web

Understanding Web network structures may offer insights on various organizations and individuals. These structures are often latent and invisible without special software tools; the interrelationships between various websites may not be apparent with a surface perusal of the publicly accessible Web pages. Three publicly available tools may be “chained” (combined in sequence) in a data extraction sequence to enable visualization of various aspects of http network structures in an enriched way (with more detailed insights about the composition of such networks, given their heterogeneous and multimodal contents). Maltego Tungsten™, a penetration-testing tool, enables the mapping of Web networks, which are enriched with a variety of information: the technological understructure and tools used to build the network, some linked individuals (digital profiles), some linked documents, linked images, related emails, some related geographical data, and even the in-degree of the various nodes. NCapture with NVivo enables the extraction of public social media platform data and some basic analysis of these captures. The Network Overview, Discovery, and Exploration for Excel (NodeXL) tool enables the extraction of social media platform data and various evocative data visualizations and analyses. With the size of the Web growing exponentially and new domains (like .ventures, .guru, .education, .company, and others), the ability to map widely will offer a broad competitive advantage to those who would exploit this approach to enhance knowledge.

From vagueness to clarity? Articulating legal criteria of digital content regulation in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Han
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digital Content ◽  
The Political ◽  
Media Content ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
Content Regulation ◽  
Laws And Regulations

This research examines China’s laws and regulations on digital media content, which have developed and transformed along with the market-oriented media reform and Internet growth. It argues that there has been a continuous effort to articulate legal criteria of content regulation since the early 1980s. The body of laws regulating digital content today does not show across-the-board vagueness, but an ‘unbalanced’ development with elaborated rules in some legal areas, yet ambiguous stipulations in some others. The ‘vagueness’ of the law is part of the political and ideological ambiguity of China’s reform and development and will not be resolved independently of larger and more profound transformations of the Chinese state and society. The development of digital content laws in China can only make sense in specific historical contexts rather than by comparing against an idealized Western legal order.

scholarly journals SoK: Cryptographic Confidentiality of Data on Mobile Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 586-607
Author(s):  
Maximilian Zinkus ◽  
Tushar M. Jois ◽  
Matthew Green
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
High Storage Capacity ◽  
User Data

Abstract Mobile devices have become an indispensable component of modern life. Their high storage capacity gives these devices the capability to store vast amounts of sensitive personal data, which makes them a high-value target: these devices are routinely stolen by criminals for data theft, and are increasingly viewed by law enforcement agencies as a valuable source of forensic data. Over the past several years, providers have deployed a number of advanced cryptographic features intended to protect data on mobile devices, even in the strong setting where an attacker has physical access to a device. Many of these techniques draw from the research literature, but have been adapted to this entirely new problem setting. This involves a number of novel challenges, which are incompletely addressed in the literature. In this work, we outline those challenges, and systematize the known approaches to securing user data against extraction attacks. Our work proposes a methodology that researchers can use to analyze cryptographic data confidentiality for mobile devices. We evaluate the existing literature for securing devices against data extraction adversaries with powerful capabilities including access to devices and to the cloud services they rely on. We then analyze existing mobile device confidentiality measures to identify research areas that have not received proper attention from the community and represent opportunities for future research.

scholarly journals Periods for Profit and the Rise of Menstrual Surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-13
Author(s):  
Michele Estrin Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Credit Scoring ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Privacy Law ◽  
Women In The Workplace ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancies

Menstruation is being monetized and surveilled, with the voluntary participation of millions of women. Thousands of downloadable apps promise to help women monitor their periods and manage their fertility. These apps are part of the broader, multi-billion dollar, Femtech industry, which sells technology to help women understand and improve their health. Femtech is marketed with the language of female autonomy and feminist empowerment. Despite this rhetoric, Femtech is part of a broader business strategy of data extraction, in which companies are extracting people’s personal data for profit, typically without their knowledge or meaningful consent. Femtech can oppress menstruators in several ways. Menstruators lose control over their personal data and how it is used. Some of these uses can potentially disadvantage women in the workplace, insurance markets, and credit scoring. In addition, these apps can force users into a gendered binary that does not always comport with their identity. Further, period trackers are sometimes inaccurate, leading to unwanted pregnancies. Additionally, the data is nearly impossible to erase, leading some women to be tracked relentlessly across the web with assumptions about their childbearing and fertility. Despite these harms, there are few legal restraints on menstrual surveillance. American data privacy law largely hinges on the concept of notice and consent, which puts the onus on people to protect their own privacy rather than placing responsibility on the entities that gather and use data. Yet notice and consent is a myth because consumers do not read, cannot comprehend, and have no opportunities to negotiate the terms of privacy policies. Notice and consent is an individualistic approach to data privacy that envisions an atomized person pursing their own self-interest in a competitive marketplace. Menstruators’ needs do not fit this model. Accordingly, this Essay seeks to reconceptualize Femtech within an expanded menstrual justice framework that recognizes the tenets of data feminism. In this vision, Femtech would be an empowering and accurate health tool rather than a data extraction device.

scholarly journals MIDV-500: a dataset for identity document analysis and recognition on mobile devices in video stream

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 818-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Arlazarov ◽  
K. Bulatov ◽  
T. Chernov ◽  
V.L. Arlazarov
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Text Line ◽  
Document Recognition ◽  
Identity Document

A lot of research has been devoted to identity documents analysis and recognition on mobile devices. However, no publicly available datasets designed for this particular problem currently exist. There are a few datasets which are useful for associated subtasks but in order to facilitate a more comprehensive scientific and technical approach to identity document recognition more specialized datasets are required. In this paper we present a Mobile Identity Document Video dataset (MIDV-500) consisting of 500 video clips for 50 different identity document types with ground truth which allows to perform research in a wide scope of document analysis problems. The paper presents characteristics of the dataset and evaluation results for existing methods of face detection, text line recognition, and document fields data extraction. Since an important feature of identity documents is their sensitiveness as they contain personal data, all source document images used in MIDV-500 are either in public domain or distributed under public copyright licenses. The main goal of this paper is to present a dataset. However, in addition and as a baseline, we present evaluation results for existing methods for face detection, text line recognition, and document data extraction, using the presented dataset.

scholarly journals It’s Time to Relax: The Critical Importance of Digital Mental Health Products in the Context of Surveillance Capitalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Sena Partal ◽  
Sasha Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Extraction Processes

There has been a huge increase in the use of digital technology throughout healthcare in recent years, with everything from apps to wearable tech. The mental health and wellbeing sector has been no exception. There are a wide variety of digital mental health apps available directly from app stores, making therapeutic techniques accessible for every smartphone user. The COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing quarantines and lockdowns, followed by the current economic recession, have redefined the tech world's agenda. There has been an increased emphasis on mental wellbeing. Many of the well-known tech companies, whose core business is not even related to healthcare (such as Facebook, Telefonica, or Google) have invested in mental wellbeing, either through “moonshots” or by introducing new product segments. For their critics, this is a “do-good” gesture intended to detract attention from their data extraction processes. This leads us to question, what is it that these companies want to recommend to people through the use of mental wellbeing tech? What is the new set of values that they are promoting? In this article we critically analyse digital mental health products. We discuss how they might become a political tool, speculate on their side effects, and investigate outcomes of their increasing popularity. We want to move beyond the personal data privacy debate and tackle other potential issues – what does this data sharing mean in terms of a shift in collective psychology and ideologies? What is the potential for them to become political tools? Is this a step towards human and non-human convergence?

scholarly journals Creating Worlds that Create Audiences: Theorising Personal Data Markets in the Age of Communicative Capitalism

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 820-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilis Charitsis ◽  
Detlev Zwick ◽  
Alan Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
The Real ◽  
Market Control ◽  
Individual Control ◽  
Digital Capitalism ◽  
Data Representations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Communicative Capitalism

In this article, we draw on theories of biopolitical marketing to explore claims that personal data markets are contextualised by what Shoshana Zuboff calls “surveillance capitalism” and Jodi Dean calls “communicative capitalism”. Surveillance and communicative capitalism are characterised by a logic of accumulation based on networked captures of life that enable complex and incomprehensive processes of extraction, commodification, and control. Echoing recent theorisations of data (as) derivatives, Zuboff’s key claim about surveillance capitalism is that data representations open up opportunities for the enhanced market control of life through the algorithmic monitoring, prediction and modification of human behaviour. A Marxist critique, focusing largely on the exploitative nature of corporate data capitalism, has already been articulated. In this article, we focus on the increasingly popular market-libertarian critique that proposes individual control, ownership, and ability to commodify one’s personal data as an answer to corporate data extraction, derivation and exploitation schemes. We critique the claims that personal data markets counterbalance corporate digital capitalism on two grounds. First, these markets do not work economically and therefore are unable to address the exploitative aspect of surveillance capitalism. Second, the notion of personal data markets functions ideologically because it reduces the critique of surveillance capitalism to the exploitation of consumers and conceals the real objective of data capitalists such as Google, Facebook, Amazon and Apple to not (just) exploit audiences but to create worlds that create audiences.

scholarly journals The relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and up to two years after birth and risk of child overweight and obesity: Protocol for a Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cooney ◽  
Caragh Flannery ◽  
Ali S. Khashan ◽  
Anja C. Huizink ◽  
Karen Matvienko-Sikar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Overweight ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Childhood obesity presents a significant public health challenge globally. The period from conception to two years after birth, the first 1000 days, represents a critical period during which the experience of maternal stress may be related to the development of childhood obesity.  Research to date suggests some positive associations between maternal stress during the first 1000 days and childhood obesity, but findings are inconsistent and have not yet been comprehensively synthesised. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine the association between maternal stress during the first 1000 days and the risk of child overweight and obesity. Methods: The following electronic databases will be searched from inception using a detailed search strategy: the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, Maternity and Infant Care, and Web of Science. Cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies examining maternal stress during the first 1000 days and child overweight and obesity up to the age of 10 years will be included. Titles, abstracts and full articles will be screened by two investigators independently to identify eligible studies. A standardised data extraction form will be used to extract data including: study design; maternal stress exposure; child outcome; exclusion criteria; participant characteristics; and assessment methods. The Cochrane Collaboration’s bias classification tool for observational studies will be used to assess study quality. This protocol is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol (PRISMA-P) checklist, and the systematic review will be conducted and reported following the PRISMA checklist. If possible, random effects models will be used to perform meta-analyses. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is not required for this study as it will not involve conducting experimental research, nor include identifying personal data.  The systematic review will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018100363

Privacy From Your Mobile Devices?

2020 ◽  
pp. 546-562
Author(s):  
Tim Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Personal Privacy ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Digital Footprints ◽  
Computational Processes ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In a post-Snowden world people tend to be more aware that they are living in times of intensified surveillance and diminishing privacy. There is a widespread assumption that populations are being “watched” and “listened” to by both governments and corporations, and this has been amplified in an era of ubiquitous smartphone ownership. It is argued that the Internet of things, expanding categories of personalized media content, mobile communications in locative social media, apps, and searching all present a range of affordances that complicate and threaten personal privacy. The rise of algorithmic computational processes in the mass scale accumulation of personal data by platform intermediaries requires new responses that must begin with an understanding of the way publics are using mobile devices. A key task is to trace out an account of the implications of digital footprints and the usage of personal data points by governments and corporations for citizens’ and consumers’ everyday lives.

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