Plantar Stimulations during 3-Day Hindlimb Unloading Prevent Loss of Neural Progenitors and Maintain ERK1/2 Activity in the Rat Hippocampus

Adult neurogenesis is a flexible process that depends on the environment and correlates with cognitive functions. Cognitive functions are impaired by various factors including space flight conditions and reduced physical activity. Physically active life significantly improves both cognition and the hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we analyzed how 3-day simulated microgravity caused by hindlimb unloading (HU) or dynamic foot stimulation (DFS) during HU can affect the hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult Wistar rats were recruited in the experiments. The results demonstrated a decrease in the number of doublecortine (DCX) positive neural progenitors, but proliferation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus was not changed after 3-day HU. Analysis of the effects of DFS showed restoration of neural progenitor population in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Additionally, we analyzed activity of the cRaf/ERK1/2 pathway, which is one of the major players in the regulation of neuronal differentiation. The results demonstrated inhibition of cRaf/ERK1/2 signaling in the hippocampus of HU rats. In DFS rats, no changes in the activity of cRaf/ERK1/2 were observed. Thus, we demonstrated that the process of neurogenesis fading during HU begins with inhibition of the formation of immature neurons and associated ERK1/2 signaling activity, while DFS prevents the development of mentioned alterations.

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Abstract WMP42: Remote Ischemic Stroke Decreases Quiescence and Increases Neurogenic Activation of Radial Glia-like Precursors in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus in Adult Mice

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.awmp42 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Bogachan Sahin ◽

Michael A Bonaguidi ◽

Steven R Zeiler ◽

Hongjun Song

Keyword(s):

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Radial Glia ◽

Hippocampal Formation ◽

Lineage Tracing ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Pharmacological Intervention ◽

Mammalian Brain ◽

Subgranular Zone ◽

Cognitive Changes

Adult neurogenesis occurs in two discrete neurogenic niches in the mammalian brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation. Under physiologic conditions, neurogenesis in these regions is thought to be important for the maintenance and reorganization of interneurons in the olfactory bulb (SVZ), and the modulation and refinement of existing circuits in the dentate gyrus (SGZ). In rodents, stroke enhances neurogenesis in these regions, and stroke-induced neurogenesis appears to play a role in functional recovery. However, little is known about the behavior of quiescent vs. activated pools of neural stem cells in response to stroke, or the mechanisms of stroke-induced neurogenesis at the cellular level. Here we tested the hypothesis that stroke-induced neurogenesis involves the activation of quiescent stem cell pools, either alone or in combination with further differentiation of activated precursors. We used a genetic labeling strategy for in vivo lineage tracing of quiescent, nestin-expressing radial glia-like (RGL) precursors in the SGZ to elucidate the effect of remote focal ischemic infarction on RGLs at a clonal level. Unilateral infarction of the visual cortex by photothrombosis in transgenic mice caused an increase in the number of differentiated neuronal precursors and a decrease in the number of quiescent RGLs in the ipsilateral SGZ. Furthermore, among activated RGL clones, there was an increase in symmetric and neurogenic RGL divisions in response to stroke, with a concomitant loss of astrogliogenic RGL divisions. These preliminary results suggest that stroke may alter hippocampal neurogenesis from a distance by activating quiescent RGL pools in the SGZ through an as-of-yet unidentified mechanism and pushing them toward a neuronal fate. In turn, this may accelerate the time-dependent depletion of this RGL population. We speculate that this phenomenon contributes to cognitive changes associated with stroke and may represent a target for pharmacological intervention.

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Malfunctional Reorganization in the Developing Limbo-Prefrontal System in Animals: Implications for Human Psychoses?

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie ◽

10.1024//1016-264x.12.1.8 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt ◽

Ralf R. Dawirs

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Invasive Method ◽

Activity Dependent

Abstract: Neuroplasticity research in connection with mental disorders has recently bridged the gap between basic neurobiology and applied neuropsychology. A non-invasive method in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculus) - the restricted versus enriched breading and the systemically applied single methamphetamine dose - offers an experimental approach to investigate psychoses. Acts of intervening affirm an activity dependent malfunctional reorganization in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and reveal the dopamine position as being critical for the disruption of interactions between the areas concerned. From the extent of plasticity effects the probability and risk of psycho-cognitive development may be derived. Advance may be expected from insights into regulatory mechanisms of neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus which is obviously to meet the necessary requirements to promote psycho-cognitive functions/malfunctions via the limbo-prefrontal circuit.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Hippocampal neurogenesis confers stress resilience by inhibiting the ventral dentate gyrus.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.733511685.793549372 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gerd Kempermann

Keyword(s):

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Stress Resilience

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ROLE(S) OF GRAVITATIONAL LOADING ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR PROPERTIES

Aerospace and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.21687/0233-528x-2020-54-6-73-79 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 73-79

Author(s):

F. Kawano ◽

◽

T. Ohira ◽

K. Goto ◽

Y. Ohira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Function ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Hindlimb Unloading ◽

Hindlimb Suspension ◽

Spatial Learning And Memory ◽

Single Muscle ◽

Memory Functions ◽

Growing Period ◽

Gravitational Loading

The roles of gravitational load or anti-gravitational muscular activities on the growth and development of motor function and/or anti-gravity muscle, soleus, had been investigated. In this review, the responses of growth-associated changes in swimming [1, 2] and/or surface righting performance [3], spatial learning and memory functions [4], and hippocampal neurogenesis [5] or protein expression [6] to hindlimb unloading (HU) by hindlimb suspension or spaceflight during neonatal growing period in rats were discussed. Effects on the morphological and contractile properties, distribution of neuromuscular junction in single muscle fibers, sampled from tendon-to-tendon, and roles of satellite cells and myonuclei in the regulation of these properties [7–9] were also reviewed.

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Role of Nut Consumption in the Management of Cognitive Decline - A Mini-Review

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205015666180202100721 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 877-882 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Blanka Klimova ◽

Kamil Kuca ◽

Martin Valis ◽

Jakub Hort

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Decline ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Social Issues ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Active Life ◽

Healthy Nutrition ◽

Health Aging ◽

Review Study

Background: Currently, there is a significant increase in the number of older generation groups, which may result in serious economic and social issues. Therefore, there is a need to prolong the active life of these older individuals, especially by focusing on modifying lifestyle factors such as healthy nutrition. In fact, recent research has shown that, for example, nuts are an important part of people’s healthy diet because they have appeared to be neuroprotective compounds which might maintain or in some cases even improve people’s cognitive functions. Objective: The purpose of this review study is to explore the role of the nut nutrition in the maintenance and delay of cognitive decline among older individuals. Results: The findings indicate that the nut consumption may contribute to the delay of cognitive decline in aging. However, this nut diet is just one component of the multi-nutrient dietary intervention for health aging. Conclusion: More longitudinal controlled randomized studies have to be performed in this field to prove the efficacy of the nut nutrition for the delay of cognitive decline.

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Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Neural Stem Cells, Cell Proliferation, and Neuroblast Differentiation in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus in Cyclooxygenase-2 Knockout Mice

Neurochemical Research ◽

10.1007/s11064-013-1169-y ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 2559-2569 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sung Min Nam ◽

Jong Whi Kim ◽

Dae Young Yoo ◽

Jung Hoon Choi ◽

Woosuk Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Neural Stem Cells ◽

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Knockout Mice ◽

Treadmill Exercise ◽

Cyclooxygenase 2 ◽

Subgranular Zone ◽

Neuroblast Differentiation

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Pre- and Posttreatment With Edaravone Protects CA1 Hippocampus and Enhances Neurogenesis in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

ASN NEURO ◽

10.1177/1759091414558417 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 175909141455841 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Shan Lei ◽

Pengbo Zhang ◽

Weisong Li ◽

Ming Gao ◽

Xijing He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Subgranular Zone ◽

Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia

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Metabolic tuning of inhibition regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2006138117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (41) ◽

pp. 25818-25829

Author(s):

Xinxing Wang ◽

Hanxiao Liu ◽

Johannes Morstein ◽

Alexander J. E. Novak ◽

Dirk Trauner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Inhibitory Neuron ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Neuron Activity ◽

Adult Mice ◽

Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Hippocampus-engaged behaviors stimulate neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus by largely unknown means. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we used tetrode recording to analyze neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus of freely moving adult mice during hippocampus-engaged contextual exploration. We found that exploration induced an overall sustained increase in inhibitory neuron activity that was concomitant with decreased excitatory neuron activity. A mathematical model based on energy homeostasis in the dentate gyrus showed that enhanced inhibition and decreased excitation resulted in a similar increase in neurogenesis to that observed experimentally. To mechanistically investigate this sustained inhibitory regulation, we performed metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of the hippocampus during exploration. We found sustainably increased signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a bioactive metabolite, during exploration. Furthermore, we found that sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling through its receptor 2 increased interneuron activity and thus mediated exploration-induced neurogenesis. Taken together, our findings point to a behavior-metabolism circuit pathway through which experience regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

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Radial glial cells in the adult dentate gyrus: what are they and where do they come from?

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.12684.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 277 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Daniel A. Berg ◽

Allison M. Bond ◽

Guo-li Ming ◽

Hongjun Song

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Radial Glia ◽

Neural Precursor Cells ◽

Neural Precursor ◽

Subgranular Zone ◽

Adult Neural Stem Cell ◽

Radial Glial Cells ◽

Embryonic Origin ◽

Radial Glial

Adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus in the mammalian hippocampus. These new neurons arise from neural precursor cells named radial glia-like cells, which are situated in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Here, we review the emerging topic of precursor heterogeneity in the adult subgranular zone. We also discuss how this heterogeneity may be established during development and focus on the embryonic origin of the dentate gyrus and radial glia-like stem cells. Finally, we discuss recently developed single-cell techniques, which we believe will be critical to comprehensively investigate adult neural stem cell origin and heterogeneity.

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