ROLE(S) OF GRAVITATIONAL LOADING ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
F. Kawano ◽  
◽  
T. Ohira ◽  
K. Goto ◽  
Y. Ohira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Gravitational Loading

The roles of gravitational load or anti-gravitational muscular activities on the growth and development of motor function and/or anti-gravity muscle, soleus, had been investigated. In this review, the responses of growth-associated changes in swimming [1, 2] and/or surface righting performance [3], spatial learning and memory functions [4], and hippocampal neurogenesis [5] or protein expression [6] to hindlimb unloading (HU) by hindlimb suspension or spaceflight during neonatal growing period in rats were discussed. Effects on the morphological and contractile properties, distribution of neuromuscular junction in single muscle fibers, sampled from tendon-to-tendon, and roles of satellite cells and myonuclei in the regulation of these properties [7–9] were also reviewed.

scholarly journals GABAB receptor antagonist promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and facilitates cognitive function recovery following acute cerebral ischemia in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Song ◽  
Yaohua Chen ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Lili Chen ◽  
Oumei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Adult Mice

Abstract Purpose and background Previous studies have suggested that promoting endogenous neurogenesis has great significance for the recovery of cognitive dysfunction caused by cerebral ischemia (CI). Pharmacological inhibition of GABAB receptor can enhance neurogenesis in adult healthy and depressed mice. In the study, we intended to investigate the effects of GABAB receptor antagonists on cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice following CI. Methods Adult mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 20 min to induce CI and treated with CGP52432 (antagonist of GABAB receptor, CGP, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection) starting 24 h after CI. The Morris water maze test was performed to test spatial learning and memory at day 28. Immunofluorescence was applied to detect neurogenesis in the DG region at day 14 and 28. In in vitro experiments, cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 and immunofluorescence, and the expression of cAMP/CREB signaling pathway-related proteins was detected by ELISA assay and Western blot. Results CGP significantly improved spatial learning and memory disorders caused by CI, and it enhanced the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), the number of immature neurons, and the differentiation from newborn cells to neurons. In vitro experiments further confirmed that CGP dose-dependently enhanced the cell viability of NSCs, and immunofluorescence staining showed that CGP promoted the proliferation of NSCs. In addition, treatment with CGP increased the expression of cAMP, PKA, and pCREB in cultured NSCs. Conclusion Inhibition of GABAB receptor can effectively promote hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning and memory in adult mice following CI.

scholarly journals Introduction of sorts of Clematis L. genus in the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of UFRC RAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Roza A. Bilalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Seasonal Rhythm ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Biological Features

The article presents the results of a long-term of study of biological features of 54 sorts of Clematis L. genus of collection of the SouthUral Botanical Garden-Institute of UFRC RAS. The aim of the work was to summarize the introduction studies for the possibility of successful use of clematis sorts in vertical gardening in the Bashkir Cis-Urals and adjacent territories. During the period 2007 and 2015, the seasonal rhythm of growth and development and vegetative reproduction were studied, and the prospects of introduction and introduction resistance under the culture were assessed. The length of the clematis growing period varies from 156 to 168 days. The duration of flowering of sorts is 24–111 days. Rooting of clematis sorts using root-forming stimulators is 33 to 100%. The largest number of rooted cuttings was obtained using the preparation “Circon”. According to the results of the introduction success assessment, all the studied sorts have high resistance to local climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of hindlimb suspension on hippocampal neurogenesis in weaned rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Nomura ◽  
Katsuya Kami ◽  
Fuminori Kawano ◽  
Yoshihiko Oke ◽  
Takashi Ohira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension

Intracellular Ca2+ transients in mouse soleus muscle after hindlimb unloading and reloading

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 386-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Ingalls ◽  
Gordon L. Warren ◽  
R. B. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Specific Force ◽  
Activity Maximum ◽  
Tetanic Force ◽  
Intracellular Ca

The objective of this study was to determine whether altered intracellular Ca2+ handling contributes to the specific force loss in the soleus muscle after unloading and/or subsequent reloading of mouse hindlimbs. Three groups of female ICR mice were studied: 1) unloaded mice ( n = 11) that were hindlimb suspended for 14 days, 2) reloaded mice ( n = 10) that were returned to their cages for 1 day after 14 days of hindlimb suspension, and 3) control mice ( n = 10) that had normal cage activity. Maximum isometric tetanic force (Po) was determined in the soleus muscle from the left hindlimb, and resting free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), tetanic [Ca2+]i, and 4-chloro- m-cresol-induced [Ca2+]iwere measured in the contralateral soleus muscle by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Unloading and reloading increased resting [Ca2+]iabove control by 36% and 24%, respectively. Although unloading reduced Po and specific force by 58% and 24%, respectively, compared with control mice, there was no difference in tetanic [Ca2+]i. Po, specific force, and tetanic [Ca2+]iwere reduced by 58%, 23%, and 23%, respectively, in the reloaded animals compared with control mice; however, tetanic [Ca2+]iwas not different between unloaded and reloaded mice. These data indicate that although hindlimb suspension results in disturbed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, changes in tetanic [Ca2+]ido not contribute to force deficits. Compared with unloading, 24 h of physiological reloading in the mouse do not result in further changes in maximal strength or tetanic [Ca2+]i.

scholarly journals The Influence of Heavy Metals on Growth and Development of Eichhornia crassipes Species, Cultivated in Contaminated Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erzsebet BUTA ◽  
Laura PAULETTE ◽  
Tania MIHĂIESCU ◽  
Mihai BUTA ◽  
Maria CANTOR
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Water Plant

Many plants are capable of accumulating heavy metals (called hyperacumulators), one of which is the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Mart. The roots of this water plant naturally absorb pollutants, including heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Zn, Co, Cd, and Cu and can be used for wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of heavy metals on growth and development of water hyacinth and to determinate the uptake capacity of heavy metals of this species. It was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing pollution potential in wastewater. From the combination of experimental factors 11 variants resulted. The results showed that Eichhornia absorbed a high quantity of Pb (504 mg/kg dry matter) and Cu (561 mg/kg dry matter) in their roots. More Cu accumulated in the root compared to Pb. The level of Zn absorption was lower in roots (84 mg/kg dry matter) and also in stem plus leaves (51 mg/kg dry matter). A high quantity of Cd (281 mg/kg dry matter) was removed from stem plus leaves of Eichhornia while the level of Co was very low (45 mg/kg dry matter). Regarding the growth and development of this plant it was found that in tanks with Pb plants had a better development and had flowers also, and in the case of Cd, Co, Cu at a double dose of maximum admissible limits, the plants died and the growing period was shorter.

scholarly journals Phytoestrogenα-Zearalanol Improves Memory Impairment and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Ovariectomized Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilong Dong ◽  
Aimei Jiang ◽  
Hongju Yang ◽  
Huicheng Chen ◽  
Yanmei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Memory Protection ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Newborn Neurons

Estrogen is known to provide robust protection of memory in postmenopausal women, but the fact that estrogen may increase the incidence of uterine and breast tumors has undoubtedly limited the clinical use of estrogen. In the present study, the effect ofα-zearalanol (α-ZAL), a plant-derived phytoestrogen with low side-effect on uterine and breast, on memory has been evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) mice when using 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) as an estrogen positive control. Our findings demonstrated that OVX resulted in impaired spatial learning and memory and reduced numbers of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, while 17β-E2 orα-ZAL treatment significantly improved memory performance and restored hippocampal neurogenesis. We also found the reduction of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB expression in OVX mice, which were ameliorated by 17β-E2 orα-ZAL supplementation. These results indicated thatα-ZAL may improve memory impairments induced by OVX and modulate the expression of BDNF-TrkB benefit to neurogenesis which may be involved in the memory protection fromα-ZAL, in a manner similar to that of 17β-E2. The present findings suggested thatα-ZAL may be a plausible substitute of 17β-E2 in improving memory in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Теоретичне обгрунтування співвідношення треоніну і триптофану у раціонах ремонтних курчат

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
M.J. Krivenok ◽  
I.I. Ilchuk ◽  
V.M. Mykhalska
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nonlinear Model ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Different Levels

<p>We determined the optimal content and ratio of threonine and tryptophan in the mix fodder of replacement chicks at different periods of their growing. We studied the effect of different levels of threonine and tryptophan in mixed fodder on chicken growth and development. We registered that under optimal AA content and ratio the replacement chickens at the end of the growing period outweighed the chickens from control group by 140 g. We also studied the influence of different content of AA and temporal changes in their ratio on digestibility of feed nutrients by replacement chickens from market egg flock. It was found that the optimal content of threonine and tryptophan and their ratio at certain periods of chicken growth caused the increase in digestibility of protein by 2 %, fiber – by 1 %, and BEV – by 2 %. We also proved that the decrease or increase of AA ratio in mix fodder of replacement chickens leads to the manifestation of antagonism between amino acids and the deterioration of their function in bird organism. The changes in AA ratio had significant effects on chicken productivity, the digestibility of feed nutrients, the assimilation, and efficiency of amino acid use. This effects were considerably stronger than the effect of changes in AA content. The degree of influence of the ratio between threonine and tryptophan varies throughout the growing period, it has been established that the ratio of threonine to tryptophan in the period of limited chick feeding (9-6 weeks) has a lesser effect on the productivity of repair young (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89) the second one (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92) and the last growing periods (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92). We performed a mathematical model (polynomial trend line) to describe the growth of replacement chickens during all experiment periods, the pattern of dependences between chicken organism and AA content, AA ratio, age, and productivity. This nonlinear model is more relevant and reliable than linear dependence.</p>

scholarly journals PO-094 p38 MAPK controls of E3-ligases expression and soleus atrophy attenuation in rat upon hindlimb unloading

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nemirovskaya ◽  
Svetlana Belova ◽  
Boris Shenkman ◽  
Ekaterina Mochalova
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E3 Ligases

Objective Unloading causes rapid skeletal muscle atrophy mainly due to the increased protein degradation. Muscle proteolysis results from the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome systems. The ubiquitination proteins are carried out by muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases – MuRF-1 and MAFbx. It is known that MuRF-1 and MAFbx expression significantly increases on the third day of muscle unloading. We tested the hypothesis that p38 MAPK participates in the regulation of E3 ligases expression and the development of skeletal muscle atrophy during unloading. To check this idea we inhibited p38 MAPK by VX-745. Methods 21 male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (7 rats in each group): intact control (C), rats suspended for 3 days (HS) and rats suspended and injected i.p. with VX-745 (10 mg/kg/day) (VX). The hindlimb suspension was carried out according to Morey-Holton technique. The animals were anaesthetised with an i.p. injection of tribromoethanol (240 mg/kg). Under anesthesia, the m.soleus were excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until further analysis. All procedures with the animals were approved by the Biomedicine Ethics Committee of the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences/Physiology section of the Russian Bioethics Committee. The statistical analysis was performed using the REST 2009 v.2.0.12 and Origin Pro programs at the significance level set at 0,05. The results are given as median in percent and interquartile range (0.25-0.75). Results The muscle weight in HS group was significantly reduced (72,3±2,5 mg) compared to C (83,0±3 mg), p<0.05, while the soleus weight of VX group didn’t differ from the control (84.2±5 mg). The MuRF1 mRNA expression was elevated dramatically in HS group (165 (138-210) %) when compared with the control (100 (64.6-112.5) %), p<0.05.  In the VX group the level of MuRF1 mRNA expression (127 (105-138) %) didn’t differ from the control group. The MAFbx mRNA expression was observed to increase equally in both suspended groups (294 (265-342) % and (271 (239-309) %).) vs C (100 (91-106) %) so, VX-745 administration did not have any significant effect on its expression. We also found that the level of ubiquitin mRNA expression in the soleus of HS rats was higher (423 (325-485) %) in comparison with the C group (100 (78-166) %, p<0.05) while VX-745 injection prevented increasing the  mRNA ubiquitin expression (200 (190-237) %). We discovered that the elevation of calpain-1 mRNA expression upon HS was prevented by VX-745 administration and its level didn’t differ from the control group (C - 100 (97-105) %, HS – 120 (116-133) %, VX - 107 (100-115) %, p<0.05). Conclusions Thus, the results indicate that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway takes part in the regulation of E3-ligase MuRF1 but not MAFbx expression. The p38 MAPK inhibition prevents muscle atrophy and the elevation of ubiquitin and calpain mRNA expression at the early stage of hindlimb unloading. This work was supported by RFBR grant No.17-04-01838.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Eslami ◽  
Laleh Khorshidi ◽  
Maryam Ghasemi ◽  
Amir Rashidian ◽  
Mahdi Mirghazanfari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Coa Reductase ◽  
Hippocampal Apoptosis

Abstract 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy", which has been used for recreational purposes, is shown to cause learning and memory impairment. Statins, beyond their efficient cholesterol-lowering action through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-COA) reductase, possess multiple neuroprotective impacts referred to as pleiotropic effects. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) and rosuvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) for 21 consecutive days. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to examine learning and memory functions. Rats were injected with MDMA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; I.P) 30 min before training sessions in 4 training days of MWM task. Afterward, rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia and their hippocampuses were dissected to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and caspase-3 and -9 activities. Our Findings showed that MDMA impaired spatial memory functions and dramatically upregulated ROS production, LPO, and caspase-3 and 9 activities. Also, atorvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg) significantly improved memory performances and inhibited upregulation of ROS, LPO, and caspase-3 and -9 activities induced by MDMA. In conclusion, the amelioration of MDMA-induced memory impairment and hippocampal apoptosis through atorvastatin and rosuvastatin could be accredited to the observed suppression of ROS production, LPO, and caspase-3 and -9 activities, since excessive exposure of hippocampus to oxidative stress enhanced apoptotic caspases activities, promoted to neuronal apoptosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document