scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Foam Modified with Bio-Oil

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Yu ◽  
Yufei Wang ◽  
Pingping Xu ◽  
Jianmin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Residual Masses ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Bio-oil was added as a substitute for phenol for the preparation of a foaming phenolic resin (PR), which aimed to reduce the brittleness and pulverization of phenolic foam (PF). The components of bio-oil, the chemical structure of bio-oil phenolic resin (BPR), and the mechanical performances, and the morphological and thermal properties of bio-oil phenolic foam (BPF) were investigated. The bio-oil contained a number of phenols and abundant substances with long-chain alkanes. The peaks of OH groups, CH2 groups, C=O groups, and aromatic skeletal vibration on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum became wider and sharper after adding bio-oil. These suggested that the bio-oil could partially replace phenol to prepare resin and had great potential for toughening resin. When the substitute rate of bio-oil to phenol (B/P substitute rate) was between 10% and 20%, the cell sizes of BPFs were smaller and more uniform than those of PF. The compressive strength and flexural strength of BPFs with a 10–20% B/P substitute rate increased by 10.5–47.4% and 25.0–50.5% respectively, and their pulverization ratios decreased by 14.5–38.6% in comparison to PF. All BPFs maintained good flame-retardant properties, thermal stability, and thermal isolation, although the limited oxygen index (LOI) and residual masses by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of BPFs were lower and the thermal conducticity was slightly greater than those of PF. This indicated that the bio-oil could be used as a renewable toughening agent for PF.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Bio-oil Phenolic Foam Reinforced with Montmorillonite

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingping Xu ◽  
Yuxiang Yu ◽  
Miaomiao Chang ◽  
Jianmin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Small Content

Introducing bio-oil into phenolic foam (PF) can effectively improve the toughness of PF, but its flame retardant performance will be adversely affected and show a decrease. To offset the decrease in flame retardant performance, montmorillonite (MMT) can be added as a promising alternative to enhance the flame resistance of foams. The present work reported the effects of MMT on the chemical structure, morphological property, mechanical performance, flame resistance, and thermal stability of bio-oil phenolic foam (BPF). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) result showed that the –OH group peaks shifted to a lower frequency after adding MMT, indicating strong hydrogen bonding between MMT and bio-oil phenolic resin (BPR) molecular chains. Additionally, when a small content of MMT (2–4 wt %) was added in the foamed composites, the microcellular structures of bio-oil phenolic foam modified by MMT (MBPFs) were more uniform and compact than that of BPF. As a result, the best performance of MBPF was obtained with the addition of 4 wt % MMT, where compressive strength and limited oxygen index (LOI) increased by 31.0% and 33.2%, respectively, and the pulverization ratio decreased by 40.6% in comparison to BPF. These tests proved that MMT can blend well with bio-oil to effectively improve the flame resistance of PF while enhancing toughness.

Physicochemical Characterization of Oxidatively Degraded Calcium Lignosulfonate via Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Hong Hu ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Cai Ying Bo ◽  
Bing Chuan Liang ◽  
Yong Hong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Ft Ir

In order to increase the application prospect of calcium lignosulfonate in phenolic resin, Calcium lignosulfonate was oxidatively degraded by Hydrogen peroxide under alkaline condition. Both lignins were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV, GC-MS and GPC. The optimal degradation conditions are: lignosulfonate:water=1:1, wt/wt, pH=10, temperature 60 °C, reaction time 2 h, and H2O2 dosage 6 wt% (based on weight of lignosulfonate). The results show that the degraded resultant is higher in phenolic contents, and lower in methoxyl content. Number molecular weight (Mn) of calcium lignosulfonate sharply decreases to 2294, versus 17774 before oxidative degradation.Guaiacly monoer content increased and kinds of phenolic compounds occurre in oxidative degradation fractions, mainly due to β-O-4 and β-5 cleavage. And reactive activity of the oxidatively degraded compounds is sharply increased.

Study on Synthesis, Characterization and Ultrasonic Degradation the Dyeing Wastewater of 11- MnZrMo Heteropoly Salt with Keggin Structure

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1484-1487
Author(s):  
Zhi Hong Zhang ◽  
Feng Xue
Keyword(s):  
Basic Feature ◽  
Keggin Structure ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Dyeing Wastewater ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ultrasonic Degradation ◽  
The Fourier Transform

The heteropoly salt, Na6[Mn(Mo11ZrO39)] •19H2O（MnZrMo）with Keggin structure of the 1:1:11series, was synthesized by the aqueous solution method, and characterized and analyzed. The element analysis showed that the molar ratio of Mn, Zr and Mo was accord with 1:1:11;the thermogravimetric analysis/ differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA) indicated that the MnZrMo had good thermal stability and it contained nineteen molecules of crystallization water; the characterization of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray powder diffraction analysis(XRD) and the ultraviolet spectrum(UV) showed that the anionic of the MnZrMo heteropoly salt possessed Keggin structure; the analysis of the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) showed that it had the basic feature of the macromolecular compound and a regular crystal. The MnZrMo heteropoly salt was used as the catalyst to degrade the acidic-green B(AGB) dyeing wastewater enhanced by the ultrasonic, the degradation rate could reach 95.90%.

scholarly journals Preparation and Properties of 3-Pentadecyl-phenol In-Situ Modified Foamable Phenolic Resin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiejun Ge ◽  
Kaihong Tang ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Xiapeng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
In Situ Modification ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Limited Oxygen

In this present study, 3-pentadecyl-phenol was selected as a modifier to prepare a foamable phenolic resin with excellent performance, which was successfully prepared by in-situ modification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C-NMR) were used to test and characterize the molecular structure of the modified resin. The results showed that 3-pentadecyl-phenol successfully modified the molecular structure of phenolic resin with a reduction in resin gel time. The effect of changing the added amount of 3-pentadecyl-phenol on the mechanical properties, microstructure and flame retardancy of the modified foam was investigated. The results showed that when the amount of added 3-pentadecyl-phenol was 15% of the total amount of phenol, this resulted in the best toughness of the modified foam, which could be increased to 300% compared to the bending deflection of the unmodified phenolic foam. The cell structure showed that the modified phenolic foam formed a more regular and dense network structure and the closed cell ratio was high. Furthermore, the compressive strength, bending strength, and limited oxygen index were improved, while the water absorption rate was lowered. However, the foam density could be kept below 40 mg/cm3, which does not affect the load.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of DOPO-ITA Modified Ethyl Cellulose and Its Application in Phenolic Foams

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Ma ◽  
Xuanang Gong ◽  
Chuhao Liao ◽  
Xiang Geng ◽  
Chunpeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Residual Carbon ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Reaction Orders ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Additive Compound ◽  
Structure And Microstructure

In order to improve the performance of phenolic foam, an additive compound of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and Itaconic acid (ITA) were attached on the backbone of ethyl cellulose (EC) and obtained DOPO-ITA modified EC (DIMEC), which was used to modify phenolic resin and composite phenolic foams (CPFs). The structures of DOPO-ITA were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The molecular structure and microstructure were characterized by FT-IR spectra and SEM, respectively. Compared with EC, the crystallinity of DIMEC was dramatically decreased, and the diffraction peak positions were basically unchanged. Additionally, thermal stability was decreased and Ti decreased by 24 °C. The residual carbon (600 °C) was increased by 25.7%. With the dosage of DIMEC/P increased, the Ea values of DIMEC composite phenolic resins were increased gradually. The reaction orders were all non-integers. Compared with PF, the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and the residual carbon (800 °C) of CPFs were increased. The cell size of CPFs was less and the cell distribution was relatively regular. By comprehensive analysis, the suitable dosage of DIMEC/P was no more than 15%.

Emulsion Technique to Synthesize Polystyrene Incorporated with Surface Modified and Unmodified Nano-TiO2 Particles

2013 ◽  
Vol 829 ◽  
pp. 643-648
Author(s):  
Mahdi Mirzababaei ◽  
Hossein Behniafar ◽  
Hamid Hashemimoghadam
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Optical Behavior ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

In the present work, we have focused on the synthesis and characterization of Polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites incorporated with anatase-TiO2. The nanoTiO2particles were used in two forms including surface modified (mod TiO2) and surface unmodified (unmod TiO2). Accordingly, two PS/TiO2nanocomposites were synthesized, i.e. (PS/mod TiO2) and (PS/unmod TiO2), starting from styrene monomer in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) emulsifier. 4,4-Methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (4,4-MDI) was used for the surface modification of the nanoTiO2particles via urethanation reaction with terminal OH groups. After modification, optical behavior of the samples was determined. The chemical structure of pure polystyrene (pure-PS), (mod TiO2), (PS/mod TiO2), and (PS/unmod TiO2) was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses obviously showed the broad peak related to the (pure-PS) centered at 2θ of 20 ° as well as the sharp characteristic peak of the TiO2nanoparticles appeared at about 2θ of 25 °. Moreover, diffuse reflectance UV/vis spectroscopy analyses, (mod TiO2) and (PS/mod TiO2) samples showed strong visible absorption at the range of 400 to 600 nm.

scholarly journals Preparation and Properties of the 3-pentadecyl-phenol In Situ Modified Foamable Phenolic Resin

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiejun Ge ◽  
Kaihong Tang ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Xiapeng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
In Situ Modification ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Limited Oxygen

In this present study, 3-pentadecyl-phenol was selected as a modifier to prepare a foamable phenolic resin with excellent performance, which was successfully prepared by in situ modification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR) were used to test and characterize the molecular structure of the modified resin. The results showed that 3-pentadecyl-phenol successfully modified the molecular structure of phenolic resin with a reduction in the resin gel time. The effect of changing the added amount of 3-pentadecyl-phenol on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and flame retardancy of the modified foam was investigated. The results showed that when the amount of added 3-pentadecyl-phenol was 15% of the total amount of phenol, this resulted in the best toughness of the modified foam, which could be increased to 300% compared to the bending deflection of the unmodified phenolic foam. The cell structure showed that the modified phenolic foam formed a more regular and dense network structure and the closed cell ratio was high. Furthermore, the compressive strength, bending strength, and limited oxygen index were improved, while the water absorption rate was lowered. However, the foam density could be kept below 40 mg/cm3, which does not affect the load.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nano-Sized Starch Particles

2015 ◽  
Vol 1120-1121 ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Hua Lin ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Mu Feng ◽  
Li Zhao Qin
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization ◽  
The Fourier Transform

An efficient method of preparing nanostarch using high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation and acid hydrolysis was discussed. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the nanosized starch particles were in shape of sphere with the size of 80-120 nm, and their surfaces were rough with many flocci. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) revealed that the products maintained the original biological characteristics, and the molecules did not undergo any chemical changes. In addition, the effects of experimental conditions were analyzed and a plausible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of the nanostarch.

scholarly journals Production of Alginate from Persian Gulf Sargassum angustifolium Seaweeds: Novel Extraction and Characterization Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolazim Behfar ◽  
Narges Aqajari ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shushizadeh ◽  
Zahra Ramezani ◽  
Ebrahim Rajabzadeh Ghatrami
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Sargassum Angustifolium ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
G Ratio

Background: Brown seaweeds contain polysaccharides, minerals, proteins, pigments, polyphenols, and fatty acids. Several of these compounds show a wide range of biological activities, such as anticoagulant, anti-tumor, antiviral, and anti-cancer effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the extraction, purification, and characterization of alginate from Sargassum angustifolium simultaneous with fucoidan extraction and the effect of this process on the structure and properties of alginate. Methods: The extraction of alginate from S. angustifolium was carried out using defatting with organic solvents mixture, treatment with acid-base solutions, and purification with absolute ethanol. The novel characterization of this compound was carried out by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FT-NMR, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and florescent spectrophotometry methods. Results: The fluorescent emission of alginate showed 66.54% removal of impurities, such as phenolic compounds. The FT-IR analysis showed the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups as significant signals in the alginate structure. By analyzing the anomeric protons and other aspects of 1H-NMR, M/G ratio, FG, FM, FGG, FMM, FMG (or FGM) were determined to be 0.61, 0.62, 0.38, 0.31, 0.07, and 0.31, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of alginate were 0.9 dL/g and 41.53 kDa, respectively. Conclusions: The total amount of alginate from the residual S. angustifolium was 17% of dried seaweed. The structure elucidation of alginate was performed with the FT-IR, FT-NMR, and EDX methods.

scholarly journals Characterization of bio-Oil produced by Microwave Pyrolysis of Karanja Seed.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4271-4275
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Microwave Pyrolysis ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
Noncondensable Gases ◽  
Fire Point ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Power Inputs ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pyrolysis Experiment

Pyrolysis is one technique that produces three products in a short span of time in which both conventional and non-conventional method of heating (microwave irradiation) can be done. Karanja seed powder is taken as the feedstock in this microwave pyrolysis experiment. Proximate and Elemental analysis of karanja seed powder resulting volatile content of about 84.89% and moisture content of 10.11% whereas the Carbon of 52.08%, Hydrogen of 8.26%, Sulphur of 0.21%, Nitrogen of 4.02% and oxygen of 35.04%. Microwave pyrolysis for karanja seed was conducted for two power inputs of 700W and 800W in which bio-oil yield is high of 47% at 700W and noncondensable gases of 39% at 800W. The FT-IR results resembles the presence of aliphatic compounds. The TGA analysis was also taken for the produced bio-oil. The rheological study was made to determine the dynamic viscosity of the produced bio-oil at 50 rpm in room temperature which is averaged to 52 cP. The flash point of 90°C and fire point of 94°C was also determined for the produced bio-oil

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