scholarly journals Chain Extension and Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aromatic Schiff Base Diepoxide on Polyamide 6/Aluminum Diethylphosphinate Composites

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxiang Liang ◽  
Jianan Cai ◽  
Shumei Liu ◽  
Hualin Lai ◽  
Jianqing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Chain Extension ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Synergistic Flame Retardant

A way to suppress the deterioration in mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) is required, especially with high loading of flame retardants in the matrix. In this study, a novel aromatic Schiff base diepoxide (DES) was synthesized. It exhibited an efficient chain extension effect on PA6 and a synergistic flame-retardant effect with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) for PA6. The PA6 composite with 16 wt.% AlPi only passed UL-94 V-0 rating at 1.6 mm thickness, while the combination of 1.5 wt.% DES with 13 wt.% AlPi induced PA6 to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating at 0.8 mm thickness. The tensile, flexural, and Izod notched impact strengths were increased by 16.2%, 16.5%, and 24.9%, respectively, compared with those of V-0 flame-retarded PA6 composites with 16 wt.% AlPi. The flame-retarded mechanism of PA6/AlPi/DES was investigated by cone calorimetry and infrared characterization of the char residues and pyrolysis products. These results showed that DES had a synergistic effect with AlPi in condensed-phase flame retardation by promoting the production of aluminum phosphorus oxides and polyphosphates in the char residues.

Study on the Properties and Mechanism of Flame Retarded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6 with Microcapsulated Aluminum Hypophosphite

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 916-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Shan Tang ◽  
Yi Lun Tan ◽  
Ning Ping Wang ◽  
Lang Ping Xia ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite can be used to flame retard glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GFPA6). TGIC microcapsulated AlHP (T-AlHP) and epoxy resin microcapsulated AlHP (E-AlHP) were made and put into GFPA6. The vertical burning tests and mechanical tests were taken to study the flame retardant performance and mechanical properties of the corresponding composites. Addition of either T-AlHP or E-AlHP resulted in an increased UL-94 rating and a decreased comprehensive mechanical performance. T-AlHP endowed GFPA6 a better flame retardancy than E-AlHP did. TG showed the decomposition behaviors of T-AlHP, E-AlHP, and the corresponding composites. From Py-GC/MS, the detailed pyrolysis products of flame retardants and the flame-retardant composites were identified. Finally, the properties and mechanism of flame retarded GFPA6 with these two kinds of microcapsulated Aluminum Phosphate were summarized.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy of Lightweight Sandwich Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Fabienne Samyn ◽  
Roland Adanmenou ◽  
Serge Bourbigot ◽  
Sophie Duquesne ◽  
Maude Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Flame Retarded

This study proposes an innovative solution to flame-retard a sandwich composite made of unsaturated polyester resin, glass fibre skins and polyester nonwoven core material. The strategy uses the core material as flame-retardant carrier, while the resin is also flame-retarded with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH). A screening of the fire-retardant performances of the core materials, covered with different types of phosphorous flame-retardant additives (phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate), was performed using cone calorimetry. The best candidate was selected and evaluated in the sandwich panel. Great performances were obtained with ammonium polyphosphate (AP422) at 262 g/m2. The core material, when tested alone, did not ignite, and when used in the laminate, improved the fire behaviour by decreasing the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR): the second peak in HRR observed for the references (full glass monolith and sandwich with the untreated core) was suppressed in this case. This improvement is attributed to the interaction occurring between the two FR additives, which leads to the formation of aluminophosphates, as shown using Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and solid-state 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The influence of the FR add-on on the core, as well as the ATH loading in the matrix, was studied separately to optimize the material performances in terms of smoke and heat release. The best compromise was obtained using AP422 at 182 g/m2 and 160 phr of ATH.

Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Composites Using NMH or NMH/MCA/APP

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 1208-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Shen ◽  
Shao Guo Wen ◽  
Ji Hu Wang ◽  
Hong Bo Liu ◽  
Hai Liang Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this paper, flame retardant Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites were prepared by nano-magnesium hydroxide (NMH) or its composites with melamine cyanurate(MCA) and ammonium polyphosphate(APP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the structure of nano-magnesium hydroxide. The properties including tensile properties, molten index (MFI), rockwell hardness and density of flame retardant PA6 were analyzed. Orthogonal experiments were used to study flame retardancy of PA6 with NMH, MCA and APP. The results showed NMH had hexagonal orthorhombic crystal structure with size of 300×200×100nm. Density of polyamide 6 showed an upward trend when the content of NMH was increasing, the mechanical properties and hardness changed little while processing performance serious declined. The flame retardance of nitrogen-phosphorus -inorganic flame retardants was not desirable.

Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Containing Microcapsules

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 1346-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fa Chao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Melamine Resin ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Ul 94

Bis(2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol) melaminium salt (Melabis) and microcapsules of Melabis with melamine resin shell as flame retardants (FR), respectively, were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by NMR, IR, SEM, TG and element analysis. 20% weight of microcapsules was doped into epoxy resins (EP) to get 28.5 % of LOI and UL 94 V-0. The heat and smoke release of EP containing microcapsules was valued by cone calorimeter.

scholarly journals Development of Inherently Flame—Retardant Phosphorylated PLA by Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Reactive Extrusion

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosica Mincheva ◽  
Hazar Guemiza ◽  
Chaimaa Hidan ◽  
Sébastien Moins ◽  
Olivier Coulembier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Loss Cone ◽  
Ul 94

In this study, a highly efficient flame-retardant bioplastic poly(lactide) was developed by covalently incorporating flame-retardant DOPO, that is, 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. To that end, a three-step strategy that combines the catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L,L-lactide (L,L-LA) in bulk from a pre-synthesized DOPO-diamine initiator, followed by bulk chain-coupling reaction by reactive extrusion of the so-obtained phosphorylated polylactide (PLA) oligomers (DOPO-PLA) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), is described. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated PLA (DOPO-PLA-PU) was investigated by mass loss cone calorimetry and UL-94 tests. As compared with a commercially available PLA matrix, phosphorylated PLA shows superior flame-retardant properties, that is, (i) significant reduction of both the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 35% and 36%, respectively, and (ii) V0 classification at UL-94 test. Comparisons between simple physical DOPO-diamine/PLA blends and a DOPO-PLA-PU material were also performed. The results evidenced the superior flame-retardant behavior of phosphorylated PLA obtained by a reactive pathway.

Self-Extinguishing and Non-Drip Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Nanocomposite: Mechanical, Thermal, and Combustion Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wu ◽  
Rogelio Ortiz ◽  
Renan De Azevedo Correa ◽  
Mourad Krifa ◽  
Joseph H. Koo
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Twin Screw Extrusion ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Screw Extrusion ◽  
Twin Screw

AbstractIncorporation of flame-retardant (FR) additives and nanoclay fillers into thermoplastic polymers effectively suppresses materials flammability and melt dripping behavior. However, it largely affects other properties, such as toughness and ductility. In order to recover the lost toughness and ductility of flame retardant polyamide 6, various loadings of maleic anhydride modified SEBS elastomer were added and processed by twin screw extrusion. TEM images showed exfoliated nanoclay platelets and reveals that the clay platelets well dispersed in the polymer matrix. By balancing the ratio of flame retardants, nanoclay and elastomers, formulation with elongation at break as high as 76% was achieved. Combining conventional intumescent FR and nanoclay, UL-94 V-0 rating and the LOI value as high as 32.2 were achieved. In conclusion, effective self-extinguishing and non-drip polyamide 6 nanocomposite formulations with significant improvement in toughness and ductility were achieved.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Sag ◽  
Philipp Kukla ◽  
Daniela Goedderz ◽  
Hendrik Roch ◽  
Stephan Kabasci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.

scholarly journals Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

Infrared Analysis on Pyrolysis Products of Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 900-906
Author(s):  
Ze Jiang Zhang ◽  
Li Jun Li ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Zi Qiong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Flame Retarded

Infrared spectra of the pyrolysis gases of polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide, or antimony trioxide flame retardants was analyzed online by FTIR method. At 600°C, the polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide or antimony trioxide flame retardants released more hydrogen cyanide than the pure polyurethane foam, proved that the MPOP, MP, MC and magnesium hydroxide flame retardants could change the law that the polyurethane released hydrogen cyanide. At 600 °C, the peak of C=O stretching vibration at 1730cm-1did not appear for the flame-retardant polyurethane, indicating that the flame retardants can make the polyurethane rapidly carbonize and the fewer C=O intermediate was produced. The absorbent peaks of the fire-retardant samples at 1604cm-1, 1538 cm-1, 1250 to 1230 cm-1and 1450cm-1implied that the flame retardants could delay the oxidative decomposition of the polyurethane component at 600 °C, so that more components may be carbonized. When increasing the pyrolysis temperature, the perlite would make polyurethane foam release fewer hydrogen cyanide.

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