scholarly journals Breast Cancer Inhibition by Biosynthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Is Comparable to Free Doxorubicin but Appeared Safer in BALB/c Mice

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Haroon Iqbal ◽  
Anam Razzaq ◽  
Bushra Uzair ◽  
Noor Ul Ain ◽  
Shamaila Sajjad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Tio2 Nps ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

Cancer remains a global health burden prompting affordable, target-oriented, and safe chemotherapeutic agents to reduce its incidence rate worldwide. In this study, a rapid, cost-effective, and green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) has been carried out; Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of their safety and anti-tumor efficacy compared to doxorubicin (DOX), a highly efficient breast anti-cancer agent but limited by severe cardiotoxicity in many patients. Thereby, TiO2 NPs were eco-friendly synthetized using aqueous leaf extract of the tropical medicinal shrub Zanthoxylum armatum as a reducing agent. Butanol was used as a unique template. TiO2 NPs were physically characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as routine state-of-the art techniques. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity (by MTT, FACS, and oxidative stress assays) in 4T1 breast tumor cells, and their hemocompatibility (by hemolysis assay). In vivo anti-tumor efficacy and safety of the TiO2 NPs were further assessed using subcutaneous 4T1 breast BALB/c mouse tumor model. The greenly prepared TiO2 NPs were small, spherical, and crystalline in nature. Interestingly, they were hemocompatible and elicited a strong DOX-like concentration-dependent cytotoxicity-induced apoptosis both ex vivo and in vivo (with a noticeable tumor volume reduction). The underlying molecular mechanism was, at least partially, mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (lipid peroxidation). Unlike DOX (P < 0.05), it is important to mention that no cardiotoxicity or altered body weight were observed in both the TiO2 NPs-treated tumor-bearing mouse group and the PBS-treated mouse group (P > 0.05). Taken together, Z. armatum-derived TiO2 NPs are cost-effective, more efficient, and safer than DOX. The present findings shall prompt clinical trials using green TiO2 NPs, at least as a possible alternative modality to DOX for effective breast cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Multi-Aspect Optoacoustic Imaging of Breast Tumors under Chemotherapy with Exogenous and Endogenous Contrasts: Focus on Apoptosis and Hypoxia

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1696
Author(s):  
Angelos Karlas ◽  
Antonio Nunes ◽  
Wouter Driessen ◽  
Evangelos Liapis ◽  
Josefine Reber
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Breast Tumors ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Optoacoustic Imaging ◽  
Deoxygenated Hemoglobin

Breast cancer is a complex tumor type involving many biological processes. Most chemotherapeutic agents exert their antitumoral effects by rapid induction of apoptosis. Another main feature of breast cancer is hypoxia, which may drive malignant progression and confer resistance to various forms of therapy. Thus, multi-aspect imaging of both tumor apoptosis and oxygenation in vivo would be of enormous value for the effective evaluation of therapy response. Herein, we demonstrate the capability of a hybrid imaging modality known as multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) to provide high-resolution, simultaneous imaging of tumor apoptosis and oxygenation, based on both the exogenous contrast of an apoptosis-targeting dye and the endogenous contrast of hemoglobin. MSOT imaging was applied on mice bearing orthotopic 4T1 breast tumors before and following treatment with doxorubicin. Apoptosis was monitored over time by imaging the distribution of xPLORE-APOFL750©, a highly sensitive poly-caspase binding apoptotic probe, within the tumors. Oxygenation was monitored by tracking the distribution of oxy- and deoxygenated hemoglobin within the same tumor areas. Doxorubicin treatment induced an increase in apoptosis-depending optoacoustic signal of xPLORE-APOFL750© at 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, our results showed spatial correspondence between xPLORE-APO750© and deoxygenated hemoglobin. In vivo apoptotic status of the tumor tissue was independently verified by ex vivo fluorescence analysis. Overall, our results provide a rationale for the use of MSOT as an effective tool for simultaneously investigating various aspects of tumor pathophysiology and potential effects of therapeutic regimes based on both endogenous and exogenous molecular contrasts.

scholarly journals A triple-drug nanotherapy to target breast cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and tumor vasculature

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara El-Sahli ◽  
Khang Hua ◽  
Andrew Sulaiman ◽  
Jason Chambers ◽  
Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Vascular Disrupting Agent

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, accounting for the majority of breast cancer-related death. Due to the lack of specific therapeutic targets, chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., paclitaxel) remain the mainstay of systemic treatment, but enrich a subpopulation of cells with tumor-initiating capacity and stem-like characteristics called cancer stem cells (CSCs); thus development of a new and effective strategy for TNBC treatment is an unmet medical need. Cancer nanomedicine has transformed the landscape of cancer drug development, allowing for a high therapeutic index. In this study, we developed a new therapy by co-encapsulating clinically approved drugs, such as paclitaxel, verteporfin, and combretastatin (CA4) in polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) made of FDA-approved biomaterials. Verteporfin is a drug used in the treatment of macular degeneration and has recently been found to inhibit the Hippo/YAP (Yes-associated protein) pathway, which is known to promote the progression of breast cancer and the development of CSCs. CA4 is a vascular disrupting agent and has been tested in phase II/III of clinical trials. We found that our new three drug-NP not only effectively inhibited TNBC cell viability and cell migration, but also significantly diminished paclitaxel-induced and/or CA4-induced CSC enrichment in TNBC cells, partially through inhibiting the upregulated Hippo/YAP signaling. Combination of verteporfin and CA4 was also more effective in suppressing angiogenesis in an in vivo zebrafish model than single drug alone. The efficacy and application potential of our triple drug-NPs were further assessed by using clinically relevant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Triple drug-NP effectively inhibited the viability of PDX organotypic slide cultures ex vivo and stopped the growth of PDX tumors in vivo. This study developed an approach capable of simultaneously inhibiting bulk cancer cells, CSCs, and angiogenesis.

scholarly journals Performance of a novel protease-activated fluorescent imaging system for intraoperative detection of residual breast cancer during breast conserving surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Conor R. Lanahan ◽  
Bridget N. Kelly ◽  
Michele A. Gadd ◽  
Michelle C. Specht ◽  
Carson L. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
Surgical Workflow ◽  
Tumor Types

Abstract Purpose Safe breast cancer lumpectomies require microscopically clear margins. Real-time margin assessment options are limited, and 20–40% of lumpectomies have positive margins requiring re-excision. The LUM Imaging System previously showed excellent sensitivity and specificity for tumor detection during lumpectomy surgery. We explored its impact on surgical workflow and performance across patient and tumor types. Methods We performed IRB-approved, prospective, non-randomized studies in breast cancer lumpectomy procedures. The LUM Imaging System uses LUM015, a protease-activated fluorescent imaging agent that identifies residual tumor in the surgical cavity walls. Fluorescent cavity images were collected in real-time and analyzed using system software. Results Cavity and specimen images were obtained in 55 patients injected with LUM015 at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg and in 5 patients who did not receive LUM015. All tumor types were distinguished from normal tissue, with mean tumor:normal (T:N) signal ratios of 3.81–5.69. T:N ratios were 4.45 in non-dense and 4.00 in dense breasts (p = 0.59) and 3.52 in premenopausal and 4.59 in postmenopausal women (p = 0.19). Histopathology and tumor receptor testing were not affected by LUM015. Falsely positive readings were more likely when tumor was present < 2 mm from the adjacent specimen margin. LUM015 signal was stable in vivo at least 6.5 h post injection, and ex vivo at least 4 h post excision. Conclusions Intraoperative use of the LUM Imaging System detected all breast cancer subtypes with robust performance independent of menopausal status and breast density. There was no significant impact on histopathology or receptor evaluation.

scholarly journals Optimizing cisplatin delivery to triple-negative breast cancer through novel EGFR aptamer-conjugated polymeric nanovectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Agnello ◽  
Silvia Tortorella ◽  
Annachiara d’Argenio ◽  
Clarissa Carbone ◽  
Simona Camorani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Targeting ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Metastatic Setting

Abstract Background Management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still challenging because of its aggressive clinical behavior and limited targeted treatment options. Cisplatin represents a promising chemotherapeutic compound in neoadjuvant approaches and in the metastatic setting, but its use is limited by scarce bioavailability, severe systemic side effects and drug resistance. Novel site-directed aptamer-based nanotherapeutics have the potential to overcome obstacles of chemotherapy. In this study we investigated the tumor targeting and the anti-tumorigenic effectiveness of novel cisplatin-loaded and aptamer-decorated nanosystems in TNBC. Methods Nanotechnological procedures were applied to entrap cisplatin at high efficacy into polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) that were conjugated on their surface with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) selective and cell-internalizing CL4 aptamer to improve targeted therapy. Internalization into TNBC MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells of aptamer-decorated PNPs, loaded with BODIPY505-515, was monitored by confocal microscopy using EGFR-depleted cells as negative control. Tumor targeting and biodistribution was evaluated by fluorescence reflectance imaging upon intravenously injection of Cyanine7-labeled nanovectors in nude mice bearing subcutaneous MDA-MB-231 tumors. Cytotoxicity of cisplatin-loaded PNPs toward TNBC cells was evaluated by MTT assay and the antitumor effect was assessed by tumor growth experiments in vivo and ex vivo analyses. Results We demonstrate specific, high and rapid uptake into EGFR-positive TNBC cells of CL4-conjugated fluorescent PNPs which, when loaded with cisplatin, resulted considerably more cytotoxic than the free drug and nanovectors either unconjugated or conjugated with a scrambled aptamer. Importantly, animal studies showed that the CL4-equipped PNPs achieve significantly higher tumor targeting efficiency and enhanced therapeutic effects, without any signs of systemic toxicity, compared with free cisplatin and untargeted PNPs. Conclusions Our study proposes novel and safe drug-loaded targeted nanosystems for EGFR-positive TNBC with excellent potential for the application in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

scholarly journals In-Vitro Application of Magnetic Hybrid Niosomes: Targeted siRNA-Delivery for Enhanced Breast Cancer Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Maurer ◽  
Selin Altin ◽  
Didem Ag Seleci ◽  
Ajmal Zarinwall ◽  
Bilal Temel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapy Outcome ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Combinational Therapy

Even though the administration of chemotherapeutic agents such as erlotinib is clinically established for the treatment of breast cancer, its efficiency and the therapy outcome can be greatly improved using RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms for a combinational therapy. However, the cellular uptake of bare small interfering RNA (siRNA) is insufficient and its fast degradation in the bloodstream leads to a lacking delivery and no suitable accumulation of siRNA inside the target tissues. To address these problems, non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) were used as a nanocarrier platform to encapsulate Lifeguard (LFG)-specific siRNA inside the hydrophilic core. A preceding entrapment of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (FexOy-NPs) inside the niosomal bilayer structure was achieved in order to enhance the cellular uptake via an external magnetic manipulation. After verifying a highly effective entrapment of the siRNA, the resulting hybrid niosomes were administered to BT-474 cells in a combinational therapy with either erlotinib or trastuzumab and monitored regarding the induced apoptosis. The obtained results demonstrated that the nanocarrier successfully caused a downregulation of the LFG gene in BT-474 cells, which led to an increased efficacy of the chemotherapeutics compared to plainly added siRNA. Especially the application of an external magnetic field enhanced the internalization of siRNA, therefore increasing the activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. Considering the improved therapy outcome as well as the high encapsulation efficiency, the formulated hybrid niosomes meet the requirements for a cost-effective commercialization and can be considered as a promising candidate for future siRNA delivery agents.

Removal of organic dye compounds in water and wastewater samples based on covalent organic frameworks -titanium dioxide before analysis by UV-VIS spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Aida Bahadori Bahadori ◽  
Mehdi Ranjbar Corresponding
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Organic Dye ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Covalent Organic Frameworks ◽  
Methylene Orange ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

A simple and rapid microwave-assisted combustion method was developed to synthesize homogenous carbon nanostructures (HCNS). This research presents a new and novel nanocomposite structures for removal of methylene red (2-(4- Dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid), methylene orange (4-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenylazo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) and methylene blue (3,7-bis(Dimethylamino)phenazathionium chloride)with semi degradation-adsorption solid phase extraction (SDA-SPE) procedure before determination by UV-VIS spectroscopy. A covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with high purity were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the self-assembled carbon nanostructures (COFs) synthesized with the cost-effective method which was used as a novel adsorbent for adsorption of dyes after semi-degradation of methylene red, orange and blue (1-5 mg L-1) as an organic dye by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticales in presence of UV radiation. Based on results, the COFs/TiO2 has good agreement with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with favorite coefficient of determination (R2= 0.9989). The recovery of dye removal based on semi-degradation/adsorption of COFs/TiO2 and adsorption of COFs were obtained 98.7% and 48.3%, respectively (RSD less than 5%). The method was validated by spiking dye to real samples.

Chemotherapy-elicited exosomal miR-378a-3p and miR-378d to promote breast cancer stemness and chemoresistance via the activation of EZH2/STAT3 signaling.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12615-e12615
Author(s):  
Jin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Pathologic Complete Response ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Chemotherapy Response ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Serum Exosomes

e12615 Background: Not all breast cancer (BC) patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR), but the reasons for this are unknown. Previous studies have shown that exosomes produced in the tumor microenvironment in response to chemotherapy promote a chemotherapy-resistant phenotype in tumors. However, the role of BC chemo-elicited exosomes in regulating chemoresistance is poorly understood. Methods: Using commercial kits, serum exosomes were extracted from patients before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, after one cycle of chemotherapy and after four cycles of chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX). Their miRNAs were sequenced, and the correlation between the sequencing results and chemotherapy effects was further verified by RT-qPCR using patient serum exosomes. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect chemosensitivity. Stemness was assessed by CD44+/CD24- population analysis and mammosphere formation assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments were performed to verify the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to the promoter of miRNAs. Results: Here, we provide clinical evidence that chemotherapy-elicited exosomal miR-378a-3p and miR-378d are closely related to the chemotherapy response and that exosomes produced by BC cells after stimulation with DOX or PTX deliver miR-378a-3p and miR-378d to neighboring cells to activate WNT and NOTCH stemness pathways and induce drug resistance by targeting Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) and NUMB. In addition, STAT3, which is enhanced by zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), bound to the promoter regions of miR-378a-3p and miR-378d, thereby increasing their expression in exosomes. More importantly, chemotherapeutic agents combined with the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat reversed chemotherapy-elicited exosome induced drug resistance in a nude mouse tumor xenograft model. Conclusions: This study revealed a novel mechanism of acquired chemoresistance whereby chemotherapy activates the EZH2/STAT3 axis in BC cells, which then secrete chemotherapy-elicited exosomes enriched in miR-378a-3p and miR-378d. These exosomes are absorbed by chemotherapy-surviving BC cells, leading to activation of WNT and NOTCH stem cell pathways via the targeting of DKK3 and NUMB and subsequently resulting in drug resistance. Therefore, blocking this adaptive mechanism during chemotherapy may reduce the development of chemotherapy resistance and maximize the therapeutic effect.

scholarly journals Targeting of prostate-specific membrane antigen for radio-ligand therapy of triple-negative breast cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Morgenroth ◽  
Ebru Tinkir ◽  
Andreas T. J. Vogg ◽  
Ramya Ambur Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Fatima Baazaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Tube Formation ◽  
Huvec Cells ◽  
Specific Membrane

Abstract Background Triple-negative breast cancer has extremely high risk of relapse due to the lack of targeted therapies, intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, and the inherent and acquired resistance to therapies. In this study, we evaluate the potential of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as target for radio-ligand therapy (RLT). Methods Tube formation was investigated after incubation of endothelial HUVEC cells in tumor-conditioned media and monitored after staining using microscopy. A binding study with 68Ga-labeled PSMA-addressing ligand was used to indicate targeting potential of PSMA on tumor-conditioned HUVEC cells. For mimicking of the therapeutic application, tube formation potential and vitality of tumor-conditioned HUVEC cells were assessed following an incubation with radiolabeled PSMA-addressing ligand [177Lu]-PSMA-617. For in vivo experiments, NUDE mice were xenografted with triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB231 or estrogen receptor expressing breast cancer cells MCF-7. Biodistribution and binding behavior of [68Ga]-PSMA-11 was investigated in both tumor models at 30 min post injection using μPET. PSMA- and CD31-specific staining was conducted to visualize PSMA expression and neovascularization in tumor tissue ex vivo. Results The triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB231 showed a high pro-angiogenetic potential on tube formation of endothelial HUVEC cells. The induced endothelial expression of PSMA was efficiently addressed by radiolabeled PSMA-specific ligands. 177Lu-labeled PSMA-617 strongly impaired the vitality and angiogenic potential of HUVEC cells. In vivo, as visualized by μPET, radiolabeled PSMA-ligand accumulated specifically in the triple-negative breast cancer xenograft MDA-MB231 (T/B ratio of 43.3 ± 0.9), while no [68Ga]-PSMA-11 was detected in the estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 xenograft (T/B ratio of 1.1 ± 0.1). An ex vivo immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the localization of PSMA on MDA-MB231 xenograft-associated endothelial cells and also on TNBC cells. Conclusions Here we demonstrate PSMA as promising target for two-compartment endogenous radio-ligand therapy of triple-negative breast cancer.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaria Benedetti ◽  
Carmela Dell’Aversana ◽  
Tommaso De Marchi ◽  
Dante Rotili ◽  
Ning Qing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Histone Methylation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Histone Demethylases ◽  
Lysine Specific Demethylase ◽  
Breast Cancer Model

In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybrid (epi)molecules to target histone methylation and therefore regulate/redirect hormone receptor signaling. Here, we report on the biological activity of a dual-KDM inhibitor (MC3324), obtained by coupling the chemical properties of tranylcypromine, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with the 2OG competitive moiety developed for JmjC inhibition. MC3324 displays unique features not exhibited by the single moieties and well-characterized mono-pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibiting LSD1 and UTX, MC3324 induces significant growth arrest and apoptosis in hormone-responsive breast cancer model accompanied by a robust increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3. MC3324 down-regulates ERα in breast cancer at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels, mimicking the action of a selective endocrine receptor disruptor. MC3324 alters the histone methylation of ERα-regulated promoters, thereby affecting the transcription of genes involved in cell surveillance, hormone response, and death. MC3324 reduces cell proliferation in ex vivo breast cancers, as well as in breast models with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Similarly, MC3324 displays tumor-selective potential in vivo, in both xenograft mice and chicken embryo models, with no toxicity and good oral efficacy. This epigenetic multi-target approach is effective and may overcome potential mechanism(s) of resistance in breast cancer.

scholarly journals Real-Time Optical Monitoring of Endotracheal Tube Displacement

Biosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Ramzan Ullah ◽  
Karl Doerfer ◽  
Pawjai Khampang ◽  
Faraneh Fathi ◽  
Wenzhou Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

Proper ventilation of a patient with an endotracheal tube (ETT) requires proper placement of the ETT. We present a sensitive, noninvasive, operator-free, and cost-effective optical sensor, called Opt-ETT, for the real-time assessment of ETT placement and alerting of the clinical care team should the ETT become displaced. The Opt-ETT uses a side-firing optical fiber, a near-infrared light-emitting diode, two photodetectors with an integrated amplifier, an Arduino board, and a computer loaded with a custom LabVIEW program to monitor the position of the endotracheal tube inside the windpipe. The Opt-ETT generates a visual and audible warning if the tube moves over a distance set by the operator. Displacement prediction is made using a second-order polynomial fit to the voltages measured from each detector. The system is tested on ex vivo porcine tissues, and the accuracy is determined to be better than 1.0 mm. In vivo experiments with a pig are conducted to test the performance and usability of the system.

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