Green Sorbitol- and Isosorbide-Based Flame Retardants for Cotton Fabrics

Flame retardancy is often required in various textile applications. Halogenated flame retardants (FR) are commonly used since they have good FR performance. Several of these components are listed under REACH. Halogen-free FR compounds have been developed as alternatives. So far, not many biobased FR have made it to the market and are being applied in the textile sector, leaving great opportunities since biobased products are experiencing a renaissance. In this study, renewable FR based on sorbitol and isosorbide were synthesised. The reaction was performed in the melt. The resulting biobased FR were characterised via FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Cotton fabrics functionalized with the developed biobased FR passed ISO 15025 FR test. After washing, the FR properties of the fabrics decreased (longer afterflame and afterglow time) but still complied with ISO 15025, indicating the biobased FR were semi-permanent. The amount of residue of modified sorbitol and isosorbide measured at 600°C in air was 31% and 27%, respectively. Cotton treated with biobased modified FR showed no ignition during cone calorimetry experiments, indicating a flame retardancy. Furthermore, a charring of the FR containing samples was observed by means of cone calorimetry and TGA measurements.

Download Full-text

Preparation and characterization of self-cleaning cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO2

10.21203/rs.3.rs-202290/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kuang Wang ◽

Jiayi Chen ◽

Jialong Tian ◽

Dawei Gao ◽

Xiaolei Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Ammonia Solution ◽

X Ray ◽

Washing Fastness ◽

Fastness Property ◽

Structure Dispersion ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Self Cleaning

Abstract In this article, amino functionalized TiO2 (TiO2/KH550) was obtained in a mild reaction between 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and TiO2 with the aid of concentrated ammonia solution. 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino) sodium benzenesulfonate (SAT) was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Self-dispersive and reactive TiO2 (TiO2/KH550/SAT) was prepared by nucleophile substitution reaction between TiO2/KH550 and SAT. Finally, cotton fabrics loaded with different amounts of TiO2/KH550/SAT were achieved by pad-dry-cure method. The chemical structure, dispersion and thermal performance of TiO2, TiO2/KH550 and TiO2/KH550/SAT were investigated by FT-IR, zeta potential and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The crystalline phase, morphology, chemical composition and optical absorption property of cotton fabrics were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Moreover, the anti-ultraviolet, self-cleaning and washing fastness properties of cotton fabrics were investigated. It has been found that TiO2/KH550/SAT demonstrated excellent dispersion stability in aqueous even after standing for a month. Cotton fabrics loaded with TiO2/KH550/SAT possessed adorable anti-ultraviolet performance, highly efficient and durable self-cleaning activity as well as appreciable washing fastness property. The mechanism and possible reactions for the preparation of self-cleaning cotton fabrics loaded with TiO2/KH550/SAT were proposed.

Download Full-text

Preparation and Mechanism of Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric with Phosphoramidate Siloxane Polymer through Multistep Coating

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12071538 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1538

Author(s):

Denghui Xu ◽

Shijie Wang ◽

Yimin Wang ◽

Yun Liu ◽

Chaohong Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Attenuated Total Reflection ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Siloxane Polymer ◽

Coated Cotton

To improve the water solubility of phosphoramidate siloxane and decrease the amount of flame-retardant additives used in the functional coating for cotton fabrics, a water-soluble phosphoramidate siloxane polymer (PDTSP) was synthesized by sol-gel technology and flame-retardant cotton fabrics were prepared with a multistep coating process. A vertical flammability test, limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry were performed to investigate the thermal behavior and flame retardancy of PDTSP-coated fabrics. The coated cotton fabrics and their char residues after combustion were studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All results presented that PDTSP-coated cotton fabrics had good flame retardancy and char-forming properties. PDTSP coating was demonstrated to posess gas-phase flame-retardant mechanism as well as a condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism, which can be confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and cone calorimetry test. Also, the preparation process had little effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics, although the air permeability and whiteness had a slight decrease. After different washing cycles, the coated samples still maintained good char-forming properties.

Download Full-text

Excellent Fireproof Characteristics and High Thermal Stability of Rice Husk-Filled Polyurethane with Halogen-Free Flame Retardant

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11101587 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1587 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Huong T.Q. Phan ◽

Binh T. Nguyen ◽

Lam H. Pham ◽

Chi T. Pham ◽

Thi Vi Vi Do ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Standard Test ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Thermal Stabilities ◽

Pyrolysis Products ◽

Halogen Free ◽

Flame Retardancy Mechanism ◽

Thermal Stability Of

The thermal stabilities, flame retardancies, and physico-mechanical properties of rice husk-reinforced polyurethane (PU–RH) foams with and without flame retardants (FRs) were evaluated. Their flammability performances were studied by UL94, LOI, and cone calorimetry tests. The obtained results combined with FTIR, TGA, SEM, and XPS characterizations were used to evaluate the fire behaviors of the PU–RH samples. The PU–RH samples with a quite low loading (7 wt%) of aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP) and 32 wt% loading of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) had high thermal stabilities, excellent flame retardancies, UL94 V-0 ratings, and LOIs of 22%–23%. PU–RH did not pass the UL94 HB standard test and completely burned to the holder clamp with a low LOI (19%). The cone calorimetry results indicated that the fireproof characteristics of the PU foam composites were considerably improved by the addition of the FRs. The proposed flame retardancy mechanism and cone calorimetry results are consistent. The comprehensive FTIR spectroscopy, TG, SEM, and XPS analyses revealed that the addition of ATH generated white solid particles, which dispersed and covered the residue surface. The pyrolysis products of OP would self-condense or react with other volatiles generated by the decomposition of PU–RH to form stable, continuous, and thick phosphorus/aluminum-rich residual chars inhibiting the transfer of heat and oxygen. The PU–RH samples with and without the FRs exhibited the normal isothermal sorption hysteresis effect at relative humidities higher than 20%. At lower values, during the desorption, this effect was not observed, probably because of the biodegradation of organic components in the RH. The findings of this study not only contribute to the improvement in combustibility of PU–RH composites and reduce the smoke or toxic fume generation, but also solve the problem of RHs, which are abundant waste resources of agriculture materials leading to the waste disposal management problems.

Download Full-text

Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517516652349 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 87 (11) ◽

pp. 1367-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chaohong Dong ◽

Zhou Lu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Ping Zhu ◽

Xuechao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Untreated Cotton ◽

Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

Download Full-text

Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.1311-1324 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1311-1324

Author(s):

Yating Hua ◽

Chungui Du ◽

Huilong Yu ◽

Ailian Hu ◽

Rui Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Before And After ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

Download Full-text

Preparation of Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Modified with Pentaerythritol and its Flame Retardant Effect in Polypropylene

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1003.205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1003 ◽

pp. 205-212

Author(s):

Fu Long Zhou ◽

Hong Zhi Wu ◽

Ming Mei Sun ◽

Xin Zhu ◽

Lin Sheng Tang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Melamine Formaldehyde ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Melamine Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Ft Ir ◽

C Nmr

A new triazine charring agent, melamine formaldehyde resin modified with pentaerythritol (named as MF-MPOL), was synthesized through hydroxymethylation, condensation and etherification by using melamine, paraformaldehyde and pentaerythritol as raw materials, and characterized by solid-state 13C NMR and FT-IR. The intumescent flame retardant (IFR) consisting of MF-MPOL with ammonium polyphosphate has good flame retardancy in polypropylene (PP). The analysis of the residues obtained in cone calorimetry test showed that the IFR played a role of flame retardancy mainly in condensed phase. In other words, the porous and dense - continuous intumescent char layer formed during the burning process results in flame retardant effect by insulation of heat, oxygen and preventing the underlying PP from degradation and volatilization of pyrolytic products.

Download Full-text

Novel sulfonate-containing halogen-free flame-retardants: effect of ternary and quaternary sulfonates centered on adamantane on the properties of polycarbonate composites

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c7ra06504c ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (62) ◽

pp. 39270-39278 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Dong Yu Zhu ◽

Jian Wei Guo ◽

Jia Xing Xian ◽

Shu Qin Fu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Property ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Halogen Free

Two efficient sulfonate flame retardants based on adamantane endow PC composites with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical property.

Download Full-text

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12081701 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1701 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Farzad Seidi ◽

Elnaz Movahedifar ◽

Ghasem Naderi ◽

Vahideh Akbari ◽

Franck Ducos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Research Papers ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pp Composites ◽

Calorimetry Data

Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

Download Full-text

Synthesis of a phosphoramidate flame retardant and its flame retardancy on cotton fabrics

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly-2020-0059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 550-560

Author(s):

Huaifang Wang ◽

Yingli Cai ◽

Zhiming Jiang ◽

Shengnan Guo ◽

Ping Zhu

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Flammability Test ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Structure Surface ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Butanetetracarboxylic Acid

AbstractA phosphoramidate flame retardant (dimethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyletheyl)phosphoramidate, DMBHP) was synthesized and applied to cotton fabrics for enhancing the flame retardancy. The structure of DMBHP was characterized by FT-IR and NMR. The flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated using the vertical flammability test (VFT), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and the cone calorimetric test. Moreover, to further analyze the flame retardant action of DMBHP in cotton fabrics, thermal degradability of the treated fabrics, as well as the chemical structure, surface morphology, and element contents of the char residue of the DMBHP-treated fabrics were also evaluated. The results show that, after treating with DMBHP, the cotton fabrics acquired a LOI value from 18.1 to 31.1 with the concentration increasing to 30% and self-extinguished in VFT tests when treated with up to 15% DMBHP. Besides, the total heat release and the peak heat release rate of DMBHP (30%)-treated fabric decreased obviously compared with the pure cotton along with more residue retained. TG, SEM, and EDS results of treated cotton fabric and the corresponding residue after burning showed that DMBHP has the capability of enhancing char formation. In addition, DMBHP will confer cotton fabrics a certain durability against washing with the help of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA).

Download Full-text

Flame Retardation of Natural Rubber: Strategy and Recent Progress

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12020429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 429 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Le Wan ◽

Cong Deng ◽

Ze-Yong Zhao ◽

Hong Chen ◽

Yu-Zhong Wang

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

The Past ◽

Additive Type ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Flame Retardation ◽

Halogen Free

Natural rubber (NR) as a kind of commercial polymer or engineering elastomer is widely used in tires, dampers, suspension elements, etc., because of its unique overall performance. For some NR products, their work environment is extremely harsh, facing a serious fire safety challenge. Accordingly, it is important and necessary to endow NR with flame retardancy via different strategies. Until now, different methods have been used to improve the flame retardancy of NR, mainly including intrinsic flame retardation through the incorporation of some flame-retarding units into polymer chains and additive-type flame retardation via adding some halogen or halogen-free flame retardants into NR matrix. For them, the synergistic flame-retarding action is usually applied to simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, in which some synergistic flame retardants such as organo-montmorillonite (OMMT), carbon materials, halloysite nanotube (HNT), etc., are utilized to achieve the above-mentioned aim. The used flame-retarding units in polymer chains for intrinsic flame retardation mainly include phosphorus-containing small molecules, an unsaturated chemical bonds-containing structure, a cross-linking structure, etc.; flame retardants in additive-type flame retardation contain organic and inorganic flame retardants, such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and so on. Concerning the flame retardation of NR, great progress has been made in the past work. To achieve the comprehensive understanding for the strategy and recent progress in the flame retardation of NR, we thoroughly analyze and discuss the past and current flame-retardant strategies and the obtained progress in the flame-retarding NR field in this review, and a brief prospect for the flame retardation of NR is also presented.

Download Full-text