scholarly journals What Makes a Floor Slippery? A Brief Experimental Study of Ceramic Tiles Slip Resistance Depending on Their Properties and Surface Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7064
Author(s):  
Ewa Sudoł ◽  
Marcin Małek ◽  
Mateusz Jackowski ◽  
Marcin Czarnecki ◽  
Cezary Strąk
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Value Of It ◽  
The Relationship

The safety of the use of construction facilities should be a priority in today’s busy world, where it is not difficult to get involved in an accident. Most of them, due to the pace at which we live today, are caused by slips, trips, and falls. This work presents a detailed analysis of the resistance of ceramic floors to these events, taking into account the surface properties and conditions (dry/wet), which, as presented, have a significant impact on the final slip resistance values. This study also investigates the relationship between surface roughness and anti-slip properties. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the surface roughness is not the main determinant of slip resistance, and the final value of it is influenced by many components that should be considered together and not be neglected when designing the surface finish. Furthermore, based on experimental measurements, it can be noted that the highest slip resistance in both wet and dry conditions showed the unglazed tiles with lapatto finish and the glazed tiles without any extra finish.

Multiple Aspects of Comparing Surface Properties of Ceramic Tiles Regarding Slip Resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Terjek
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Resistance Tests

The objective of this study was to determine the affecting factors that can possibly change slipperiness of flooring. Laboratory slip resistance tests were conducted under different surface conditions. Two different methods were used to measure 6 different ceramic tiles. This article has its focus mainly on the required security and its quantification during the service life of floor coverings. Slip resistance of ceramic tiling can change with use. It is worth to investigate the effect of cleaning agents on slipperiness of floors, because it could be more dangerous when the cleaning process is in progress, so the surface is still in wet state or partly covered by liquid. This paper makes a comparative analysis on the different measurement methods and sliders that rub against the surface. In case of public and residential buildings slip resistance and surface roughness associated with cleanability, all have influence on safety in use and durability. The results showed that the perceived surface roughness parameters could be used as indicator of slipperiness and supplement objective measurement of this performance.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Roughness of Finished Wood Floors and Slip Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Josip Miklečić ◽  
Vlatka Jirouš-Rajković
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Wood Flooring ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Dry Water ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Roughness Measurements

The present study investigates the relationship between the roughness of beech wood and oak wood surfaces treated with oil and polyurethane coating and the slip resistance in dry, water-wet and oily conditions. Pendulum tests were conducted for slip resistance assessment, and roughness measurements were performed by stylus instrument using Ra, Rt, Rp, Rz and Rsm parameters for surface roughness evaluation. Slip potential in dry conditions was low for all finished wood floors studied. Contamination of the surface with water and oil reduced the slip resistance of finished oak and beech flooring. The strong negative correlation was found between slip resistance on dry finished flooring and roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rt and Rp, and positive correlation between slip resistance on water-wet finished flooring and roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rt and Rp. Moreover, the correlations between roughness parameters Ra, Rt, Rp and Rz and slip resistance were very similar, and the roughness parameters correlated more strongly with the slip resistance on dry and water-wet surfaces than with the slip resistance on oil-wet surface. Comparison of the slip potential classifications of finished wood floors based on pendulum data and based on Rz surface roughness parameters showed that in some cases the Rz parameter appeared to overestimate the slip potential of the floors in wet conditions. The results confirm previous research that roughness measurements should only be used as a guide and should not be used as the only indicator of the slip potential of wood flooring materials.

Improved Slip-Resistance on Oil from Surface Roughness of Footwear

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Manning ◽  
C. Jones ◽  
M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Single Material

Abstract This appears 10 be the first published investigation of friction measurements throughout the useful lives of footwear, and the changing patterns of slip-resistance found justify this approach. The polishing effect of walking on some surfaces needs further investigation, and there should now be an evaluation of friction relative to surface texture of soles and heels. It may be possible to engineer a permanent surface roughness by varying composition and size of spaces in a cellular structure. Although it is unlikely that any single material will prove to be satisfactory for all types of floor hazards, our experience with polyurethane is encouraging. If it proves impossible to find a single material giving adequate slip-resistance on wet or icy pavements, wet PVC tiles, ceramic tiles contaminated with grease and water, and factory floors contaminated with oil, then materials should be specified for each type of hazard.

scholarly journals Investigate the Effect of Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness When Milling X12m Steel

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Do Thi Kim Lien ◽  
Nguyen Dinh Man ◽  
Phung Tran Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Face Milling ◽  
Negligible Effect ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, an experimental study on the effect of cutting parameters on surface roughness was conducted when milling X12M steel. The cutting tool used in this study is a face milling cutter. The material that is used to make the insert is the hard alloy T15K6. The cutting parameters covered in this study include the cutting speed, the feed rate and depth of cut. The experiments are performed in the form of a rotating center composite design. The analysis shows that for both Ra and Rz: (1) the feed rate has the greatest influence on the surface roughness while the depth of cut, the cutting speed has a negligible effect on the surface roughness. (2) only the interaction between the feed rate and the depth of the cut has a significant effect on both Ra and Rz while the interaction between the cutting speed and the feed rate, the interaction between the cutting speed and the depth of cut have a negligible effect on surface roughness. A regression equation showing the relationship between Ra, Rz, and cutting parameters has also been built in this study.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Ultrasonic Shot Peening Forming and Surface Properties of AALY12

2015 ◽  
Vol 1094 ◽  
pp. 339-342
Author(s):  
Chao Xun Liu ◽  
Shi Hong Lu ◽  
Wei Miao ◽  
Pan Feng Song ◽  
Tian Rui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Ultrasonic Shot Peening ◽  
The Relationship

Ultrasonic shot peening (USP) on AALY12 sheet was studied. Several parameters (arc heights, surface roughness, surface topography and micro hardness) with different USP process parameters were measured. The research proposes that radius of curvature of shot peened sheet increases with time and electric current decreasing, while increases with pin diameter increasing, and radius of curvature reaches a saturation level after a specific processing time and electric current. An empirical model of the relationship between radius of curvature and pin diameter, electric current, time was also obtained. The research shows that the increment of surface and vertical micro hardness of material is more obvious with longer time and higher value of electric current, which can be up to 20% and 28% respectively.

scholarly journals Correlations between the slip resistance and surface roughness of ceramic floor tiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e4410413865
Author(s):  
Ana Virgínia Lot ◽  
Ana Paula Margarido Menegazzo ◽  
Camila Tavares Brasileiro ◽  
Fábio Gomes Melchiades ◽  
Anselmo Ortega Boschi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Ceramic Floor ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Floor Tiles ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Unit Of Length

The characteristics of the floor surface profile are one of the factors that can be responsible for slip and fall accidents. To reduce the incidence of these accidents, it is essential to identify the profile features necessary for floor covering materials to be suitable for slipping risk areas. The objective of the present work was to investigate correlations between the slip resistance and the surface roughness of ceramic floor tiles. The slip resistance and the surface roughness of commercial ceramic tiles, with a diversity of surface finishes, were characterized by the pendulum method and contact profilometry, respectively. It was concluded that the presence of a large number of sharp peaks per unit of length of the profile is required for high slip resistance ceramic tiles. It was also found that the presence of waviness contributes to increasing the floors slip resistance even more. Through regression analysis, a good correlation between the pendulum results and the roughness parameter Ra was found.

The Measurements of Friction Coefficient on Ramps among Different Floor Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 303-306 ◽  
pp. 790-793
Author(s):  
Yao Wen Hsu ◽  
Kai Way Li
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Material Handling ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Manual Material Handling ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Important Objective

This study investigates the influences of slopes on objective friction measurements of different floor materials. It is known that a person is more likely to slip when walking on a slope than when walking on a level surface. In term of the prevention of falls for elders and MMH (manual material handling) workers, slope is more commonly in the design of barrier-free environments. However, it could be a potential environmental risk of slip accidents. The environmental problems were generally caused by poor floor slipperiness. The coefficient of friction (COF) is one of important objective indexes to assess floor slipperiness. It is worthy to investigate that the influences of slope on COF. Thus, COF measurements under different slopes, floor materials and surface conditions were conducted in this study. The data were analyzed to investigate the influence of slope on objective friction measurements of floors. The results showed that the rougher surface and dry conditions had the higher COF values. The different slopes result in significant COF values; however, there is no significant trend. Therefore, there should be more warning signs and slip resistance facilities or accessories to reduce the chance to slip and fall on the slopes.

Possible examinations of stone machining focused on the relationship between technological parameters and surface quality

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zs. Kun ◽  
I. G. Gyurika
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Manufacturing Time

Abstract The stone products with different sizes, geometries and materials — like machine tool's bench, measuring machine's board or sculptures, floor tiles — can be produced automatically while the manufacturing engineer uses objective function similar to metal cutting. This function can minimise the manufacturing time or the manufacturing cost, in other cases it can maximise of the tool's life. To use several functions, manufacturing engineers need an overall theoretical background knowledge, which can give useful information about the choosing of technological parameters (e.g. feed rate, depth of cut, or cutting speed), the choosing of applicable tools or especially the choosing of the optimum motion path. A similarly important customer's requirement is the appropriate surface roughness of the machined (cut, sawn or milled) stone product. This paper's first part is about a five-month-long literature review, which summarizes in short the studies (researches and results) considered the most important by the authors. These works are about the investigation of the surface roughness of stone products in stone machining. In the second part of this paper the authors try to determine research possibilities and trends, which can help to specify the relation between the surface roughness and technological parameters. Most of the suggestions of this paper are about stone milling, which is the least investigated machining method in the world.

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