scholarly journals The Influence of Latent and Chronic Infection on Pathogen Persistence

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1007
Author(s):  
Xander O’Neill ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Damian Clancy ◽  
Francisco Ruiz-Fons ◽  
Christian Gortázar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Markov Chain Models ◽  
Pathogen Persistence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

We extend the classical compartmental frameworks for susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) and susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) systems to include an exposed/latent class or a chronic class of infection. Using a suite of stochastic continuous-time Markov chain models we examine the impact of latent and chronic infection on the mean time to extinction of the infection. Our findings indicate that the mean time to pathogen extinction is increased for infectious diseases which cause exposed/latent infection prior to full infection and that the extinction time is increased further if these exposed individuals are also capable of transmitting the infection. A chronic infection stage can decrease or increase the mean time to pathogen extinction and in particular this depends on whether chronically infected individuals incur disease-induced mortality and whether they are able to transmit the infection. We relate our findings to specific infectious diseases that exhibit latent and chronic infectious stages and argue that infectious diseases with these characteristics may be more difficult to manage and control.

Telephone Calls to an Infectious Diseases Fellow

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-754
Author(s):  
Mark F. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
First Year ◽  
Educational Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

Objective. There is no information on the impact and nature of telephone calls directed to subspecialists. The main objective was to document prospectively all calls directed to a first-year infectious diseases fellow, to determine their content, origin, educational value, and time allocation. Results. Three hundred fifty-nine calls were received over a 71-day period from March 24 through May 20, 1992. The mean number of daily calls was 5.1 ± 3.3. Mean time per call was 7 ± 5.4 minutes. Cumulatively, 41.7 hours were spent responding to telephone calls. The subgroup with the most calls (44.3%) was from pediatricians in practice. Seventy percent of calls were for advice about case management. Forty percent of calls were considered educational to the fellow. Conclusions. This study confirms the importance of the infectious disease subspecialist as a resource for primary care physicians.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 infection on hip fracture 30-day mortality

Trauma ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146040862094972
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fadulelmola ◽  
Rob Gregory ◽  
Gavin Gordon ◽  
Fiona Smith ◽  
Andrew Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

Introduction: A novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a fatal global pandemic which particularly affects the elderly and those with comorbidities. Hip fractures affect elderly populations, necessitate hospital admissions and place this group at particular risk from COVID-19 infection. This study investigates the effect of COVID-19 infection on 30-day hip fracture mortality. Method: Data related to 75 adult hip fractures admitted to two units during March and April 2020 were reviewed. The mean age was 83.5 years (range 65–98 years), and most (53, 70.7%) were women. The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. Results: The COVID-19 infection rate was 26.7% (20 patients), with a significant difference in the 30-day mortality rate in the COVID-19-positive group (10/20, 50%) compared to the COVID-19-negative group (4/55, 7.3%), with mean time to death of 19.8 days (95% confidence interval: 17.0–22.5). The mean time from admission to surgery was 43.1 h and 38.3 h, in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative groups, respectively. All COVID-19-positive patients had shown symptoms of fever and cough, and all 10 cases who died were hypoxic. Seven (35%) cases had radiological lung findings consistent of viral pneumonitis which resulted in mortality (70% of mortality). 30% ( n = 6) contracted the COVID-19 infection in the community, and 70% ( n = 14) developed symptoms after hospital admission. Conclusion: Hip fractures associated with COVID-19 infection have a high 30-day mortality. COVID-19 testing and chest X-ray for patients presenting with hip fractures help in early planning of high-risk surgeries and allow counselling of the patients and family using realistic prognosis.

scholarly journals The Impact of Divergent and Convergent Tasks on Iraqi EFL Students Reading Comprehension Success

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Sabeeha Hamza Dehham ◽  
Nadia Majeed Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Reading Skills ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

This research attempted to explore the effects of divergent and convergent tasks on the successful reading of EFL students at the preparatory stage. To verify the analysis, the null hypothesis was established that states "There are no differences of statistical significance at the level of (0,05) among the mean of scores of the experimental group who study according to divergent and convergent task technique and the mean of the scores of the control group who study according to the regular method".  The experimental approach is used by designing two equivalent experimental groups of 32 students studying the technique proposed, and an 8-week (2019-2020) control group of 32 students, three classes each week using the Google Classroom Platform and Telegram. The present study utilized the platform Google Classroom (GC) and Telegram as an educational platform to assist students during their course learning process. The writing skills test was administered after checking with the experts. The results show that there are statistical differences at level (0,05) between the average of the experimental and control groups' reading skills and those of the experimental group. This difference is because the experimental group uses divergent and convergent tasks.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PUBLIC HEALTH INCREASING THE BACTERIAL CAUSING INFECTIOUS DISEASES PERFORMED BY EXPERIMENT: VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES INSECTS, TAIF, KSA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Sherifa Mostafa M. Sabra ◽  
Samar Ahamed
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Colony Forming Unit ◽  
Tapinoma Sessile ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

The search conducted on "The impact of global warming (GW) on the public health (PH) increasing the bacterial causing infectious diseases (IDs) performed by experiment: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) insects, Taif, KSA", the experiment used ants (Taif Tapinoma sessile), prepared, arranged appropriate nests and adjusted the temperature at (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45°C), for a week of each zone. It revealed the behaviour as (normal, semi-normal and ab-normal), the mean of mortality rates were between (0-53.3%). The bacterial contents measured by the turbidity indicated the presence of multiplication, were between (0.109-0.328). The bacterial growth degrees by sings were between (+ - +++++) and percent between (12-100%). Colony Forming Unit/ml (CFU/ml) confined between (1.8X102-15.0X102)/mL. Through this experiment it turned out the GW had a significant role on the PH, helped the proliferation of bacterial pathogens that caused IDS. The conclusion wiped from the experiment that the extent degrees of GW disadvantages on the PH. The PH workers must take the "Preventive Health Prophylaxis Measures" (PHPMs) to protect the individuals from IDs by eliminating the VBDs of various types, monitoring the immunological situation of individuals, provided the vaccinations of IDs and preparing for complete PHPMs against any changes in the PH.

Patient Access to Hepatitis C Treatment After Incorporation of Pharmacists in a Hepatology Clinic

2021 ◽  
pp. 001857872110375
Author(s):  
Frank A. Fanizza ◽  
Jennifer Loucks ◽  
Angelica Berni ◽  
Meera Shah ◽  
Dennis Grauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Hcv Treatment ◽  
Clinical Pharmacists ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cure Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Group 1

Background: Modern hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment regimens yield cure rates greater than 90%. However, obtaining approval for treatment through the prior authorization (PA) process can be time consuming and require extensive documentation. Lack of experience with this complex process can delay HCV medication approval, ultimately increasing the amount of time before patients start treatment and in some cases, prevent treatment altogether. Objectives: Assess the impact of incorporating clinical pharmacists into specialty pharmacy and hepatology clinic services on medication access, patient adherence, and outcomes in patients being treated for HCV. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort exploratory study of patients seen in an academic medical center hepatology clinic who had HCV prescriptions filled between 8/1/15 and 7/31/17. Patients were categorized by whether they filled prescriptions prior to (Pre-Group) or after (Post-Group) the implementation of a pharmacist in clinic. The Post-Group was further divided according to whether the patient was seen by a pharmacist in clinic (Post-Group 2) or if the patient was not seen by the pharmacist, but had their HCV therapy evaluated by the pharmacist before seeking insurance approval (Post-Group 1). Results: The mean time from the prescription being ordered to being dispensed was longer in the Pre-Group (50.8 ± 66.5 days) compared to both Post-Groups (22.2 ± 27.8 days in Post-Group 1 vs 18.9 ± 17.7 days in Post-Group 2; P < .05). The mean time from when the prescription was ordered to when the PA was submitted was longer in the Pre-Group (41.6 ± 71.9 days) compared to both Post-Groups (6.3 ± 16 in Post-Group 1 vs 4.1 ± 9.7 in Post-Group 2; P < .05). Rates of medication adherence and sustained virologic response were similar between all groups. Conclusion: Incorporation of clinical pharmacists into a hepatology clinic significantly reduced the time patients waited to start HCV treatment. In addition to improving access to medications, implementation of the model helped to maintain excellent medication adherence and cure rates.

scholarly journals ‘When she rises, we all rise’: a crowdsourcing challenge to increase women’s participation in an infectious diseases research fellowship

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewen Liu ◽  
Juliet Iwelunmor ◽  
Grace Gabagaya ◽  
Helen Anyasi ◽  
Alejandra Leyton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Media Communication ◽  
Research Fellowship ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Social Media Communication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Women are under-represented in many mid-career infectious diseases research fellowships, including a TDR fellowship for low- and middle-income country (LMIC) researchers. TDR solicited creative ideas as part of a challenge contest to increase the number of women fellowship applicants. The purpose of this study is to examine themes from submitted ideas and the impact of implementing the top three ideas on the number of women applicants. Methods We solicited ideas for modifying the TDR fellowship using a crowdsourcing challenge. Then we used a mixed methods approach to evaluate texts submitted in response to the challenge. The qualitative analysis identified themes from eligible submissions. The quantitative analysis examined the mean score (1–10 scale) assigned to submitted ideas and also the number of eligible women applicants before (2014–7) and after (2018) implementing the top three ideas. Results We received 311 ideas on improving women’s participation in this fellowship from 63 countries. Among all ideas, 282 (91%) were from women and 286 (92%) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Thirty-three (17%) ideas received an overall mean score of 7.0 or greater. The top three ideas included enhanced social media communication targeting women, improving career mentorship, and creating a nomination system to nudge women applicants. These ideas were implemented as part of the 2018 fellowship application cycle. The number of eligible women applicants increased from 11 in 2016 to 48 in 2018. The number of eligible men applicants increased from 55 in 2016 to 114 in 2018. Women represent 44% (8/18) of the 2018 cohort. Conclusion This suggests that the challenge contest resulted in strong participation from women in LMICs. The three top ideas likely contributed to a greater number of women applicants to this mid-career fellowship. Further ways of enhancing women’s participation in global health training are needed.

Quality of febrile neutropenia management in a regional cancer center emergency department.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (30_suppl) ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
Priyanka Kapil ◽  
Katherine Enright
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Time To Initiation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

104 Background: ASCO's current guidelines for febrile neutropenia (FN) management support antibiotic administration within one hour of presentation to the emergency department (ED). Prompt initiation of antibiotic therapy is vital to decrease the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Many studies, however, have reported significant delays in antibiotic initiation with mean wait times far exceeding ASCO's guidelines. We aimed to assess the quality of FN management at a regional cancer centre ED. Methods: Patients undergoing chemotherapy who visited the ED at the Peel Regional Cancer Center in Ontario, Canada between 04/12 - 03/13 were identified using electronic medical records. Patients were excluded if there was no record of chemotherapy delivery within 30 days prior to ED visit. ICD-10 codes and chart data were used to identify patients who had presented for either fever or infection. The primary outcome measures were three major quality of health indicators; time to assessment by a physician, Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) score, and time to initiation of intravenous antibiotics. Results: In total 239 records were included in the analysis. CTAS score was concordant with recommendation for FN (level 1-2) in 85% of patients and did not vary based on primary cancer site (p = 0.17). The mean time to physician assessment was 97.2 min and the mean time to initiation of IV antibiotics was 194.7 min. Overall, 14.6% of patients received their first dose of antibiotic therapy within the recommended 1 hour window. Conclusions: Our audit identified a large margin for improvement in the time to initiation of antibiotic therapy for chemotherapy patients with suspected FN. Prompt recognition and initiation of standardized treatment pathways for FN in the ED may improve the time to initiation of antibiotic therapy. In an attempt to address this gap in quality we have developed and distributed a standardized wallet-sized fever card to all patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy within our regional cancer program. This card contains information pertaining to the current chemotherapy treatment and recommended ED treatment protocols for FN. An evaluation of the impact of these cards is ongoing.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dialogic Learning on Students’ Attention and Academic Achievement

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Ali Nouri ◽  
Fataneh Esmaeilli ◽  
Saman Seifpour ◽  
Mahmoud Talkhabi ◽  
Anahita Khorami
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Dialogic Learning ◽  
Achievement Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

This study is a mixed method design which employed both quantitative and qualitative methods in order to investigate the impact of dialogic learning on students’ attention and academic achievement. Data were collected using several instruments, including: the Attention Network Test; academic performance tests and semi-structured interviews. Results of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of students of the experimental and control groups on the executive control in favor of the experimental group after controlling the IQ score and pre-test scores. Further, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of student of the experimental and control groups on the academic achievement tests (except of mathematics) in favor of the experimental group. The qualitative data also supported the quantitative findings. Therefore, dialogic teaching has significantly greater and more positive changes on some aspects of attention and academic performance.

scholarly journals The impact of angling experience on the efficiency of float fishing using different hook types

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Tomasz K. Czarkowski ◽  
Andrzej Kapusta
Keyword(s):  
The Mean ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the catch efficiency of novice and experienced anglers float fishing with different hook types. The mortality of fish that were caught and released was determined based on the experience of the angler and the type of hook used. The mean catch rates of the experienced angler was 46.7 fish per hour, while that of the novice angler was 33.7 fish per hour. The landing efficiency of fish using hooks with micro-barbs was higher than that with barbless hooks. Angling experience had a significant impact on the mean time required to unhook caught fish and also on the mortality of the fish released. The lowest mortality was noted in fish caught by experienced anglers fishing with barbless hooks. The results of the study suggest that angling experience does not have a great impact on parameters characterizing the quality of angling catches. The efficiency of float fishing performed by novice and experienced anglers was similar. Differences were noted in the time required to unhook the fish and in the mortality of the fish released.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Willingness to Adopt Healthy Dietary Habits in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Xu ◽  
Zhixue Li ◽  
Weijun Yu ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Willingness To Adopt ◽  
Willingness To Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: To investigate impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on willingness to adopt healthy dietary habits in China. Methods: A survey was carried out, and subjective perception of impact due to COVID-19 and willingness to change dietary habits were obtained. Results: A total of 22,459 subjects were derived from China, with an average age of 27.9±7.8 years old. Of them, the mean score of willingness to adopt healthy dietary habits was 2.2 (ranges from -9 to 9). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (epidemic concern, impact of psychology, impact of work or study) are associated with a higher score of willingness to adopt healthy dietary habits among female, the older, on-medical worker, and individuals married or with higher education level, normal BMI. Conclusions: There was a positive improvement to a proper diet, so the changing features of diets should be considered in nutritional interventions for maintaining health, and prevention and control COVID-19 during the pandemic period.

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