scholarly journals The Relationship between the Glenohumeral Joint Internal Rotation Deficit and the Trunk Compensation Movement in Baseball Pitchers

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Shih-Chung Cheng ◽  
Ting-Yu Wan ◽  
Chun-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trunk Rotation ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dominant Side

Background and objectives: Glenohumeral joint internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is commonly observed in the dominant arm of baseball pitchers and is limited by horizontal adduction motions. We inferred that when pitchers’ generation of internal shoulder rotation and horizontal adduction activity is limited, they may generate compensation movements in other body parts. This study aims to investigate whether pitchers with GIRD generates trunk compensation during pitching where pitching targets were on the lower corner of their non-dominant side. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Elite senior high school baseball. Participants: Twenty-five senior high school baseball pitchers participated in this study. Twelve pitchers with GIRD were assigned to the experiment group, and the remaining 13 participants to the control group. Main outcome measures: Glenohumeral internal/external rotation of both arms and internal/external rotation of the bilateral hip joints were measured. The kinematic values of the trunk when pitching to a target were measured using high-speed infrared cameras. Results: Pitchers with GIRD exhibited significantly greater upper trunk rotation toward the non-dominant side when a baseball was released from their hand (27.39 ± 6.62 degrees), compared with non-GIRD pitchers (20.42 ± 5.97 degrees) (p < 0.05). The total rotation of the pivot leg of pitchers with GIRD (67.54 ± 7.84 degrees) was significantly smaller than that of pitchers without GIRD (74.00 ± 7.07 degrees) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: GIRD in the dominant arm affected upper trunk rotation during pitching and was associated with the hip range of motion. Future studies could conduct a longitudinal study regarding the relationship between GIRD and other joint injuries of the lower limbs.

scholarly journals Relationship between tightness of the hip joint and shoulder/elbow injury in high school baseball pitchers: a prospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritaka Hamano ◽  
Hitoshi Shitara ◽  
Tsuyoshi Tajika ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ichinose ◽  
Tsuyoshi Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Elbow Pain ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Hip Range Of Motion ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSome studies have reported that upper limb tightness is a risk factor for shoulder/elbow pain in high school baseball pitchers; but there has been insufficient research on the relationship between lower limb tightness and shoulder and elbow pain in pitchers. This study aimed to clarify the correlation among pre-season hip range of motion (ROM) and shoulder and elbow disorders in high school baseball pitchers. We surveyed 125 high school pitchers. Hip ROM was measured in the supine and prone positions. After the season, based on their answers to the self-recorded questionnaire, a “shoulder or elbow injury” was defined as any condition resulting in the pitcher being considered disabled for ≥ 8 days. An independent t-test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Eleven disabled pitchers (9%) were identified during the season. In the injured group, the ROM of the plant side hip with 90° flexed external rotation was smaller than that in the non-injured group. Preseason limited ROM in the plant side hip with 90° flexed external rotation was a risk factor for the occurrence of shoulder/elbow pain in the season.

scholarly journals Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Evaluation of Shoulder Joint Motion in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Momma ◽  
Alejandro A Espinoza Orías ◽  
Tohru Irie ◽  
Tomoyo Irie ◽  
Eiji Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Humeral Head ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
4D Ct ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the glenohumeral contact area, center of glenohumeral contact area, and center of humeral head during simulated pitching motion in collegiate baseball pitchers using four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT). We obtained 4D CT data from the dominant and non-dominant shoulders of eight collegiate baseball pitchers during the cocking motion. CT image data of each joint were reconstructed using a 3D reconstruction software package. The glenohumeral contact area, center of glenohumeral contact area, center of humeral head, and oblateness of humeral head were calculated from 3D bone models using customized software. The center of glenohumeral contact area translated significantly from anterior to posterior during maximum external rotation to maximum internal rotation. The center of humeral head translated from posterior to anterior during maximum external rotation to maximum internal rotation. There was a high negative correlation between anterior translation of the center of glenohumeral contact area and center of humeral head, and a positive correlation between the translation and the oblateness. 4D CT analyses demonstrated that the center of humeral head translated in the opposite direction to that of the center of glenohumeral contact area during external rotation to internal rotation in abduction in the dominant and non-dominant shoulders. This diametric translation can be explained by the oblateness of the humeral head. 4D CT scanning and the software for bone surface modeling of the glenohumeral joint enabled quantitative assessment of glenohumeral micromotion and identified humeral head oblateness as the cause of diametric change.

scholarly journals Biomechanical characteristics of scapula and glenohumeral movements during pitching motion in injury-prone college baseball pitchers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Miyashita ◽  
Sentaro Koshida ◽  
Taro Koyama ◽  
Kenicihro Ota ◽  
Yusuke Tani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Pitching Motion ◽  
College Baseball ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Coordination of glenohumeral and scapular movements plays an important role in the injury prevention of baseball pitchers. However, there is no objective data establishing the direct relationship between pitching injuries and associated glenohumeral and scapular movements. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to demonstrate biomechanical differences in scapular and glenohumeral movements during pitching between injury-prone pitchers and healthy college baseball pitchers. Thirty collegiate baseball pitchers were classified into two groups according to their injury status: injury-prone group (N=15, 20.7±1.4 years, 180.1±6.5 cm, 78.9±5.4 kg) and control group (N=15, 20.9±1.1 years, 177.1±6.6 cm, 72.3±6.7 kg). We obtained the pitching motion data using the three-dimensional motion analysis technique with four high-speed cameras. The horizontal abduction angles of the glenohumeral joint during cocking and acceleration phases were significantly greater in injury-prone pitchers [19.0° (95% CI: 14.4–23.6) at foot contact, −4.0° (95% CI: −7.7 to −0.2) at maximum external rotation (MER), and −0.3° (95% CI: −4.8 to −4.2) at ball release] than in healthy controls [11.7 °(95%CI:7.1 to 16.3) at foot contact, −10.0°(95%CI: −13.7 to −6.3) at MER, and −6.9°(95%CI: −11.4 to −2.4)]( p <0.01). In addition, the external rotation angle (ER) of the scapula at MER was significantly greater in the injury-prone group [−0.1° (95% CI: −5.0 to 4.8)] than in the control group [−12.3° (95% CI: −17.2 to −7.4)] (p<0.01), but there was no difference in the scapular ER during foot contact between the two groups. These results suggests that injury-prone pitchers have less internal rotation of the scapula and more horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint during cocking and acceleration phases. Therefore, sports medicine practitioners may need to pay more attention to coordination of scapular and glenohumeral movements during the cocking and acceleration phases of pitching for prevention of shoulder injuries.

scholarly journals Internal Rotation and Scapular Position Differences: A Comparison of Collegiate and High School Baseball Players

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Thomas ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
Charles B. Swanik ◽  
John D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Rotator Cuff Injuries ◽  
Collegiate Baseball

Abstract Context: Conditions such as labral and rotator cuff injuries have been linked with decreases in glenohumeral internal-rotation and increases in external-rotation motion. Also, decreased glenohumeral internal rotation is strongly associated with scapular dyskinesis. Objective: To compare healthy collegiate and high school baseball players' glenohumeral joint range of motion and scapular position. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Institutional research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-one male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate (age  =  20.23 ± 1.17 years, height  =  186.24 ± 5.73 cm, mass  =  92.01 ± 7.68 kg) and 21 male high school baseball players (age  =  16.57 ± 0.76 years, height  =  180.58 ± 6.01 cm, mass  =  79.09 ± 11.51 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Glenohumeral internal and external rotation and scapular upward rotation were measured with a digital inclinometer. Scapular protraction was measured with a vernier caliper. All variables except scapular upward rotation were calculated as the difference between the dominant and nondominant sides. Results: Collegiate baseball players had more glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (4.80°, P  =  .028) and total motion deficit (5.73°, P  =  .009) and less glenohumeral external-rotation gain (3.00°, P  =  .028) than high school players. Collegiate baseball players had less scapular upward rotation than high school players at the 90° (4.12°, P  =  .015, versus 3.00°, P  =  .025) and 120° (4.00°, P  =  .007, versus 3.40°, P  =  .005) positions. The scapular protraction difference was greater in collegiate baseball players than in high school players in the hands-on-hips and 90° positions (0.77 cm, P  =  .021, and 1.4 cm, P  =  .001). Conclusions: When comparing high school with collegiate baseball players, these data suggest that glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit and scapular position change as the level of competition increases.

The Influence of Glenohumeral Joint Posterior Capsule Tightness and Impingement Symptoms on Shoulder Impairments and Kinematics

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 870-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayana P Rosa ◽  
John D Borstad ◽  
Julia K Ferreira ◽  
Paula R Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Posterior Capsule ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pain Thresholds ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rotation Strength

AbstractBackgroundPosterior capsule tightness (PCT) and shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) symptoms are both associated with altered shoulder biomechanics and impairments. However, their combined effect on kinematics, pain, range of motion (ROM), strength, and function remain unknown.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine if the combination of PCT and SIS affects scapular and humeral kinematics, glenohumeral joint ROM, glenohumeral joint external rotation strength, pain, and function differently than does either factor (PCT or SIS) alone.DesignThe design was a cross-sectional group comparison.MethodsParticipants were placed into 1 of 4 groups based on the presence or absence of SIS and PCT: control group (n = 28), PCT group (n = 27), SIS group (n = 25), and SIS + PCT group (n = 25). Scapular kinematics and humeral translations were quantified with an electromagnetic motion capture system. Shoulder internal rotation and external rotation ROM, external rotation strength, and pain and Shoulder Pain and Disabilities Index scores were compared between groups with ANOVA.ResultsThe SIS group had greater scapular internal rotation (mean difference = 5.13°; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53°–8.9°) and less humeral anterior translation (1.71 mm; 95% CI = 0.53–2.9 mm) than the other groups. Groups without PCT had greater internal rotation ROM (16.05°; 95% CI = 5.09°–28.28°). The SIS + PCT group had lower pain thresholds at the levator scapulae muscle (108.02 kPa; 95% CI = 30.15–185.88 kPa) and the highest Shoulder Pain and Disabilities Index score (∼ 44.52; 95% CI = 33.41–55.63).LimitationsThese results may be limited to individuals with impingement symptoms and cannot be generalized to other shoulder conditions.ConclusionsDecreased ROM and lower pain thresholds were found in individuals with both impingement symptoms and PCT. However, the combination of factors did not influence scapular and humeral kinematics.

scholarly journals Role of Rotational Kinematics in Minimizing Elbow Varus Torques for Professional Versus High School Pitchers

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 232596711876078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheal J. Luera ◽  
Brittany Dowling ◽  
Mitchel A. Magrini ◽  
Tyler W.D. Muddle ◽  
Ryan J. Colquhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Trunk Rotation ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rotational Kinematics ◽  
Pelvis Rotation ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Background: Elbow injury rates among baseball pitchers are rapidly rising. However, this increase has been most dramatic among high school (HS) pitchers. Purpose: To examine pitch velocity and the kinetic and kinematic characteristics of HS versus professional (PRO) pitchers to identify potential differences that may play a role in the increased risk of ulnar collateral ligament injury in youth pitchers. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 HS (mean ± SD: age, 16 ± 1 years) and 40 PRO (age, 21 ± 2 years) baseball pitchers completed maximal-effort baseball pitches during a single testing session, from which pitch velocity (PV), absolute and normalized elbow varus torque (EVTA and EVTN, respectively) during arm cocking and at maximum shoulder external rotation (MER), and 8 other elbow and shoulder torques or forces and rotational kinematics of the pelvis and trunk were analyzed, recorded, and compared. Results: PV was greater in PRO than HS athletes; EVTA was greater in PRO than HS athletes during arm cocking and at MER; but EVTN was similar during arm cocking and greater in HS than PRO athletes at MER. In PRO athletes, PV was not related to EVTA during arm cocking or MER ( r = 0.01-0.05). Furthermore, in PRO athletes, EVTA during arm cocking and at MER were inversely related to upper trunk rotation at hand separation and foot contact and to pelvis rotation at elbow extension ( r = –0.30 to –0.33). In contrast, in HS athletes, PV was strongly related to EVTA during arm cocking and MER ( r = 0.76-0.77). Furthermore, in HS athletes, PV and EVTA during arm cocking and at MER were moderately or strongly related to the other elbow and shoulder torques and forces ( r = 0.424-0.991), and EVTA was not related to upper trunk rotation or pelvis rotation throughout the throwing motion ( r = –0.16 to 0.15). Conclusion: The kinetic and rotational kinematic differences observed between PRO and HS pitchers in this study may help explain the greater performance of PRO pitchers while allowing them to minimize EVT during pitching. HS pitchers, however, do not appear to be as capable of utilizing the forces generated by rotation of their trunk and pelvis to aid in pitching, and those who throw the hardest generate the greatest forces at the shoulder and elbow. As a result, they experience higher EVTs relative to their body size, which may place them at an increased risk of injury. Clinical Relevance: HS pitchers throw harder primarily by generating larger forces in the arm and shoulder. Thus, owing to the relative physical immaturity of HS versus PRO pitchers, these factors may place them at an increased risk of injury. Coaches may first wish to focus on improving the rotational kinematics of HS pitchers rather than first focusing on achieving greater pitch velocities.

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING THINK-TALK-WRITE STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indah Pratiwi And Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
T Test ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Experimental Group

This study is an attempt to discover the effect of applying Think-Talk-Write strategy on students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. The objective of this study were to find out whether applying Think-Talk-Write strategy affect the students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. This study was an experimental research. In conducting the research, the writer used 60 students of Al-Fattah Senior High School Medan as the sample. The 60 students were taken from two classes and they were divided into two groups namely the experimental group who was taught by using Think-Talk-Write strategy and the control group who was taught without Think-Talk-Write strategy. The data of the test were collected by administering written test. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis shows that the value of t-observed is higher than the value of t-table (2,3> 2,00 (α = 0.05)) with the degree of freedom (df) = N-2 = 58. It means that there is significant effect of applying Think-Talk-Write strategy on students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. So the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. The conclusion is that applying Think-Talk-Write strategy can encourage and increase the students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. Therefore, it is suggested that English teacher should try to apply this strategy.

THE EFFECT OF USING WRITTEN RETELLING STRATEGY TOWARD THE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND GRADE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL KARTIKATAMA METRO LAMPUNG INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Rana Wijaya ◽  
M.Ihsan Dacholfany
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Written Retelling

Reading is one of the important aspects of language learning. By reading, the learners get knowledge and information. But in reality, students are often ignoring to mastering this skill. It is the researchers found in the second grade of SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Kartikatama Metro Lampung Indonesia, where students have difficulty in reading comprehension, so this leads to lower their learning. Therefore, to improve students' reading comprehension ability, researchers used Written Retelling Strategy (WRS) in the learning process.        The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of Retelling Written Strategy (WRS) has a positive effect on students' reading comprehension in learning English. Written Retelling Strategy (WRS) considered as one strategy that makes students more active and fun in the learning process to comprehend some text.        Forms of this research are Quantitative Research conducted in two classes. Each class is divided into the trial and reserve grade. Author implements True Experimental Design (Pure Research) by applying a pre-test and post-test as an instrument. In accordance with the method of this study, the data were analyzed using t-test that allows knowing the difference between the experimental group that used a class of written retelling strategy and the control group who did not use written retelling strategy. Finally, the research data show that t observations = 3,590 and is included in the category of high impact. Furthermore, t observation T Table consult with a significance level of 5% = 2.010 and 1% = 2,682, the data states that t observations greater than the T Table, this could mean that Hi is received. And could mean that there is a positive and significant influence between experiment class and class control on the use of written retelling strategy at second grade of Senior High School  Kartikatama Metro.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Scapular Upward Rotation and Shoulder Internal and External Rotation Isokinetic Strength in Professional Baseball Pitchers

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Byung Gon Kim ◽  
Seung Kil Lim ◽  
Sunga Kong
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Strength Ratio ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to assess the relationship between scapular upward rotation (SUR) across varying humeral-elevation angles (HEAs) and shoulder isokinetic strength and ratio in professional baseball pitchers. The subjects were professional baseball pitchers (n = 16) without a history of shoulder injury in the last six months. The subject’s SUR angles were measured with the humerus elevated at HEAs of 0° (at rest), 60°, 90°, and 120° to the scapular plane. Shoulder isokinetic strength was evaluated for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength (PT%BW and TW%BW), and the ER/IR strength ratios were determined at 60, 120 and 180°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. The SUR angle at an HEA of 0° was positively correlated with IR strength at 120°/s (r = 0.535) and 180°/s (r = 0.522). The SUR angle at an HEA of 60° was negatively correlated with the ER/IR strength ratios at 60°/s (r = −0.505) and 120°/s (r = −0.500). The SUR angle at an HEA of 90° was negatively correlated with the ER/IR strength ratios at 60°/s (r = −0.574; r = −0.554) and 120°/s (r = −0.521; r = −0.589) as well as with ER strength at 180°/s (r = −0.591, r = −0.556). The SUR angle at an HEA of 120° was negatively correlated with ER strength at 60°/s (r = −0.558), 120°/s (r = −0.504; r = −0.524), and 180°/s (r = −0.543) and the ER/IR strength ratio at 60°/s (r = −0.517). In this study, we found that the ratio of isokinetic strength between ER and IR became closer to the normal range on increasing the SUR angle. In particular, an HEA of 90°, which resembles the pitching motion, showed a clear relationship between SUR, shoulder ER, and the ratio of ER/IR isokinetic strength in professional baseball pitchers.

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