scholarly journals Causes of Pulmonary Fibrosis in the Elderly

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia López-Ramírez ◽  
Lionel Suarez Valdivia ◽  
Jose Rodríguez Portal
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Telomere Attrition ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and most lethal type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. It is a chronic, aging-associated lung disease characterized by fibrotic foci and inflammatory infiltrates, with no cure and very limited therapeutic options. Although its etiology is unknown, several pathogenic pathways have been described that could explain this process, involving aging, environmental factors, genomic instability, loss of proteostasis, telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, and altered intercellular communication. One of the main prognostic factors for the development of IPF in broad epidemiological studies is age. The incidence increases with age, making this a disease that predominantly affects the elderly population, being exceptional under 45 years of age. However, the degree to which each of these mechanisms is involved in the etiology of the uncontrolled fibrogenesis that defines IPF is still unknown. Clarifying these questions is crucial to the development of points of intervention in the pathogenesis of the disease. This review briefly summarizes what is known about each possible etiological factor, and the questions that most urgently need to be addressed.

scholarly journals Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis beyond the lung: understanding disease mechanisms to improve diagnosis and management

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Luppi ◽  
Meena Kalluri ◽  
Paola Faverio ◽  
Michael Kreuter ◽  
Giovanni Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Matrix Accumulation

AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disorder with an estimated median survival time of 3–5 years after diagnosis. This condition occurs primarily in elderly subjects, and epidemiological studies suggest that the main risk factors, ageing and exposure to cigarette smoke, are associated with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary comorbidities (defined as the occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual). Ageing and senescence, through interactions with environmental factors, may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF by various mechanisms, causing lung epithelium damage and increasing the resistance of myofibroblasts to apoptosis, eventually resulting in extracellular matrix accumulation and pulmonary fibrosis. As a paradigm, syndromes featuring short telomeres represent archetypal premature ageing syndromes and are often associated with pulmonary fibrosis. The pathophysiological features induced by ageing and senescence in patients with IPF may translate to pulmonary and extrapulmonary features, including emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, coronary artery disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux, diabetes mellitus and many other chronic diseases, which may lead to substantial negative consequences in terms of various outcome parameters in IPF. Therefore, the careful diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities may represent an outstanding chance to improve quality of life and survival, and it is necessary to contemplate all possible management options for IPF, including early identification and treatment of comorbidities.

Some Calculations on the Prevalence of Dementia in Canada

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Jeans ◽  
E. Helmes ◽  
H. Merskey ◽  
J. Mcd. Robertson ◽  
K.A. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Observation Scale ◽  
Epidemiology Of Dementia ◽  
Institutionalized Patients ◽  
Prevalence Of Dementia

The epidemiology of dementia in Canada is not known. However, we report figures on the frequency of dementia in institutions in Ontario based upon the use of a multidimensional observation scale for the assessment of the elderly. These findings on institutionalized patients can be extrapolated to the whole elderly population, but the procedure is clearly too conservative by comparison with findings in other countries and in the light of the known occurrence of numbers of demented patients outside institutions. Ratios in different sutidies for the numbers of patients with dementia outside institutions and within institutions range from 1:1 to 6:1. Using a ratio of 2:1 and applying it to age specific population figures, a prevalence of dementia in Canada of 222,324 for those over 65 is obtained with a rate of 9.4% in that age group. When the figures projected in this way are compared with five epidemiological studies for the rate of dementia elsewhere, the Canadian figure which we have obtained ranks fourth out of six. This estimate provides potential figures on which to base the planning of services, provided that the inferential nature of the estimates is fully recognized.

scholarly journals Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: unmasking cryptogenic environmental factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 1801699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coralynn Sack ◽  
Ganesh Raghu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Fibrotic Lung Disease

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease of unknown origin that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this perspective, we briefly review the current understanding of the pathophysiology of IPF and the importance of environmental triggers as a precipitant of disease. We discuss occult intrinsic and extrinsic environmental factors that affect the lung microenvironment and may contribute to the development and progression of disease. The clinical implications of this framework need to be further elucidated, because prompt identification and elimination of occult exposures may represent a novel treatment modality.

scholarly journals Prognostic factors for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e028226
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kamiya ◽  
Ogee Mer Panlaqui
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Acute Exacerbation ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Grade Method

IntroductionIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a form of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia with unknown disease aetiology. Acute exacerbation (AE) of IPF is an accelerated disease progression beyond its expected course. A 30-day mortality of AE of IPF is 40%. While death may occur, there is much variation in the clinical progression of this condition. Previous attempts have been made to investigate various possible prognostic factors for AE of IPF; however, they have yet to be confirmed. The aim of this systematic review is to clarify these prognostic factors.Methods and analysisIn this review, AE of IPF is the condition of interest, which has been defined according to previously established diagnostic criteria. The primary outcomes of interest include short-term all-cause mortality and pulmonary-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes of interest include long-term mortality and hospital separation for the disease. Primary studies investigating prognostic factors for AE of IPF are eligible for inclusion in this review. All study types are permitted except case reports. Two reviewers will search electronic databases, such as Medline and EMBASE, from 2002 to the 1 April 2019 and extract data independently. Risk of bias in individual studies will be assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. Meta-analysis will be conducted for univariate data if at least three studies report the effect of a specific prognostic factor using similar statistical methods. Multivariate results will be reported qualitatively. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be considered with the aim of generalising findings to the clinical settings and drawing more robust conclusions. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method will be applied to evaluate the quality of evidence for each prognostic factor.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval will not be required. Results will be reported in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018106172

Headache

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-144
Author(s):  
GJF Saldanha ◽  
CG Clough ◽  
N Ward
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
The Usa ◽  
One Year

Little is known about the frequency of headache in the elderly population as few epidemiological studies have been carried out. In one year in the USA, 70% of the general population had a headache, 5% of whom sought medical attention. In a large population-based study carried out in East Boston, US, some 17% of patients over 65 yrs of age reported frequent headache, with 53% of women and 36% of men reporting headache in the previous year.

scholarly journals Prognostic Factors in the Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Retrospective Single-center Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichiro Atsumi ◽  
Yoshinobu Saito ◽  
Naoyuki Kuse ◽  
Kenichi Kobayashi ◽  
Toru Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Acute Exacerbation ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Center Study

scholarly journals Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Outcome and Prognostic Factors

Respiration ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Simon-Blancal ◽  
Olivia Freynet ◽  
Hilario Nunes ◽  
Diane Bouvry ◽  
Nicolas Naggara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Acute Exacerbation

SCAPHOID FRACTURE IN THE ELDERLY: A REVIEW

Hand Surgery ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Alsawadi ◽  
Jeremy Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Scaphoid Fracture ◽  
Trauma Surgery ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Population Group ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Scaphoid Fractures ◽  
The Subject

Although scaphoid fractures are relatively common encounters in orthopaedic and trauma surgery, the demographics of these injuries are not well studied. The classical teaching in the subject limits scaphoid fractures in the age between ten and 60 years (or 70 years in other sources). The incidence or the prevalence of scaphoid fractures in the elderly population is not focused on and not studied or explored. We reviewed the literature for any available epidemiological studies of scaphoid fractures. We also sought the available data of scaphoid fractures in the elderly population in case series and case reports which have relevant data on the subject. Four epidemiological studies, two case series, and one case report are included. We discuss the available data in these articles and conclude that scaphoid fractures in the elderly, although rare, have been reported. However, there are not enough epidemiological studies to draw figures. Ignorance of this proportion of population could result in missed fractures in the elderly. Therefore, we encourage researchers to carry out epidemiological studies of scaphoid fractures with more focus on this population group.

scholarly journals Coagulation and anticoagulation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (137) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Crooks ◽  
Simon P. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Fibrosis ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Prothrombotic State ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Trial Outcomes ◽  
Alveolar Compartment

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an incurable, progressive interstitial lung disease with a prognosis that is worse than that of many cancers. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between IPF and thrombotic vascular events. Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems play central roles in wound healing and repair, processes hypothesised to be abnormal within the IPF lung. Animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have demonstrated an imbalance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis within the alveolar compartment, a finding that is also observed in IPF patients. A systemic prothrombotic state also occurs in IPF and is associated with increased mortality, but trials of anticoagulation in IPF have provided conflicting results. Differences in methodology, intervention and study populations may contribute to the inconsistent trial outcomes. The new oral anticoagulants have properties that may prove advantageous in targeting both thrombotic risk and progression of lung fibrosis.

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