scholarly journals Mechanism of CaF2 under Vacuum Carbothermal Conditions for Recovering Nickel, Iron, and Magnesium from Garnierite

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Gu ◽  
Qu ◽  
Shi ◽  
Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Nickel Iron

Nickel laterite ore is divided into three layers and the garnierite examined in this study belongs to the third layer. Garnierite is characterized by high magnesium and silicon contents. The main contents of garnierite are silicates, and nickel, iron, and magnesium exist in silicates in the form of lattice exchange. Silicate minerals are difficult to destroy so are suitable for smelting using high-temperature pyrometallurgy. To solve the problem of the large amounts of slag produced and the inability to recycle the magnesium in the traditional pyrometallurgical process, we propose a vacuum carbothermal reduction and magnetic separation process to recover nickel, iron, and magnesium from garnierite, and the behavior of the additive CaF2 in the reduction process was investigated. Experiments were conducted under pressures ranging from 10 to 50 Pa with different proportions of CaF2 at different temperatures. The experimental data were obtained by various methods, such as thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The analysis results indicate that CaF2 directly reacted with Mg2SiO4, MgSiO3, Ni2SiO4, and Fe2SiO4, which were isolated from the bearing minerals, to produce low-melting-point compounds (FeF2, MgF2, NiF2, etc.) at 1315 and 1400 K. This promoted the conversion of the raw materials from a solid–solid reaction to a liquid–liquid reaction, accelerating the mass transfer and the heat transfer of Fe–Ni particles, and formed Si–Ni–Fe alloy particles with diameters of approximately of 20 mm. The smelting materials appeared stratified, hindering the reduction of magnesium. The results of the experiments indicate that at 1723 K, the molar ratio of ore/C was 1:1.2, the addition of CaF2 was 3%, the recovery of Fe and Ni reached 82.97% and 98.21% in the vacuum carbothermal reduction–magnetic separation process, respectively, and the enrichment ratios of Fe and Ni were maximized, reaching 3.18 and 9.35, respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of CaO on the recovery of Fe and Ni in a vacuum carbothermal reduction of garnierite

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wang ◽  
T. Qu ◽  
X.-P. Gu ◽  
L. Shi ◽  
B. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Different Temperatures

The effects of adding CaO during a vacuum carbothermal reduction on Fe and Ni recovery yields were examined. In addition, magnetic separation was investigated. Experiments were conducted under pressures ranging from 10 to 50 Pa with different proportions of CaO at different temperatures. The results indicated that at 1723 K, the mass ratio of ore/C was 100:65.5; when the amount of CaO was 22.64% (the mole ratio of CaO/Si was 1:1), the recovery of Fe and Ni reached 84.33% and 97.00% in the vacuum carbothermal reduction-magnetic separation process, and the enrichment ratios of Fe and Ni were maximized, reaching 6.32 and 6.72, respectively. In addition, the recovery of Mg in the reduction process reached 99.35%. An analysis of the experimental results also indicated that the addition of CaO could cause the Fe-Si alloy to transform into the Fe-Ni alloy in the nickel-rich residue, which increased the content of Fe-Ni in the magnetic separation material from 13.34% to 73.17%. In addition, the concentration in reduced ore of Si from 45.43% increased to 83.68%, which could reduce the evaporation of Si in the form of SiO at high temperatures. If Si volatilized in the form of SiO during the condensation process, SiO would disproportionate to form Si and SiO2 contaminated condensed magnesium. In summary, the valuable metals in the minerals were comprehensively utilized with the addition of CaO.

scholarly journals Alkali-Hydrothermal Treatment of K-Rich Igneous Rocks for Their Direct Use as Potassic Fertilizers

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Aaron Mbissik ◽  
Abdellatif Elghali ◽  
Muhammad Ouabid ◽  
Otmane Raji ◽  
Jean-Louis Bodinier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Naoh Solution

Due to the increasing demand for conventional sources of potassium (K) and their inaccessibility by African countries, K-rich igneous rocks are increasingly studied as potential alternative sources. In this study, six potassic igneous rocks (syenites and trachytes) from the Tamazeght, Jbel Boho, Ait Saoun, and El Glo’a regions (Morocco) were sampled and characterized. Then they were hydrothermally treated to enhance their K release for potential use as potassic fertilizers. The raw materials are mainly formed by microcline (up to 74%), orthoclase (20–68%), albite (36–57%), biotite-muscovite (15–23%), and titanite, calcite, hematite, and apatite as accessory minerals. These samples were crushed and milled to reach a particle size <150 µm and mixed with 4 N NaOH solution in an autoclave. The liquid/solid (L/S) ratio was about 44 mL/50 g. The powders were allowed to react with the solution at 170 °C for 7 h. For all tests, NaOH reacted completely with the powders and no liquid was observed after the treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IRTF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) were carried out on treated samples to characterize the mineralogical and structural changes due to the alkali-hydrothermal treatment. Indeed, the treated samples revealed the presence of sodic neoformed phases such as thermonatrite, sodalite, analcime, and cancrinite. The treated material was leached for a week using deionized water and the elements released were measured using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The hydrothermal process showed a strong effect on structure breakdown as well as on the release of K and other nutrients such as P, Fe, Si, Mg, and Ca. Therefore, the alkali-hydrothermal treatment allowed the release of 50.5 wt% K. Moreover, the release of Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si were significantly increased. Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si release within raw materials was about (0.5–3.6), (3.5–31.4), (0.01–0.4), (0.01–0.3), (20–55), and (4.6–8) mg/kg, respectively, whereas treated samples showed a higher release of these elements. Quantitatively, Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si releases were about (10–11.8), (60–70), (7–20), (1.2–15), (218–1278), and (1119–2759) mg/kg, respectively. Consequently, the treated igneous rocks (syenite and trachyte) could be directly used as potassic fertilizers that would also be a source of other nutrients.

Preparation of High-Purity Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Powder by Thermal Decomposition Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 697 ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Xiao Juan Wu ◽  
Jun Shou Li ◽  
Xiang Jun Tang ◽  
Ming Yuan Wang ◽  
Su Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Magnesium Aluminate ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Spinel Powder

A precursor was obtained after dissolution, drying and cooling using MgSO4·7H2O and NH4Al (SO4)2·12H2O as raw materials. Then the high-purity magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel powder was synthesized via the thermal decomposition process of the precursor calcined at different temperatures. The phase, morphology and particle size of the powder obtained at different calcining temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analyzer. And also the purity of the powder was tested by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results show that the powder exhibits better crystalline shape and bigger crystalline size with the calcining temperature increasing. The calculated grain size is below 30 nm according to Scherrer formula. The particle size of the powder is below 35μm, the particle size distribution is relatively wide and some particles reunite to be bigger ones with the calcining temperature rising. The powder appears to be plate-shaped and the morphology of the grain is irregular particle. The purity of the powder is relatively high. Especially, the purity of the powder obtained at 1150 °C is 98.88%.

Preparation of Phosphorus by Carbothermal Reduction Mechanism in Vacuum

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Cheng Liu ◽  
Qiu Xia Li ◽  
Yong Cheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Carbothermic Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reduction Mechanism ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Reaction Phase ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The purpose of this work was to investigated the carbothermic reaction of fluorapatite process by the means of thermodynamics analyses, XRD and element analysis, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that phosphorus can be prepared by heating the mixture of Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C at 1173K under the system pressure of 100Pa. CO cannot react with Ca5(PO4)3F2 in the carbothermic reduction process at 973-1873K and 100Pa. Experimental results demonstrated that phosphorus can be produced by the reaction between Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C, the main reaction phase is P2(g), CO(g), CaO and CaF2, and with increasing temperature, the greater degree of response. The best technology conditions, the molar ratio of Ca5(PO4)3F2 to C is 1:7.5 at 1723K for 1h when the system pressure was about 100Pa. This study to provide experimental evidence for preparation of phosphorus by carbothermal reaction of fluorapatite in vacuum.

Synthesis of Al2OC Ceramic Powder by a Carbothermal Reduction Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 1017-1020
Author(s):  
Shuang Shuang Ding ◽  
Peng Cui ◽  
Hong Xi Zhu ◽  
Cheng Ji Deng ◽  
Chao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Synthesis Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Argon Flow ◽  
Micro Morphology

A12OC ceramic powder was successfully synthesized via a carbothermal reduction method using Al2O3, B2O3 and activated carbon powders as raw materials. The effects of synthesis temperature on the phase transformation and micro-morphology of A12OC were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the content of A12OC in the products was increased with the increasing heating temperature. The optimized process for preparing A12OC was heating the mixtures at 1700 °C for 2 h in argon flow. A12OC particles synthesized at 1700 °C were hexagon plate-like with thickness of 5 μm and size of about 50 μm. Keywords: A12OC, synthesis, microstructure

scholarly journals Mineral composition of rhizomes Potentilla erecta L.

2018 ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
V. M. Minarchenko ◽  
V. G. Kaplunenko ◽  
L. А. Glushchenko ◽  
N. P. Коvalska ◽  
L. М. Babenko
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Zones ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Object Of Study

Chemical substances, which accumulate selectively by plants, can influence at their pharmacological action: to increase or decrease their absorption, resorptive properties; be synergists or antagonists, as well as to reduce or enhance the toxic effect. Potentilla erecta used in traditional herbal medicine system in many countries due to high therapeutic value. The concentrations of secondary metabolites in the plant raw materials are well understood. However, the data on concentration of trace and major elemental composition of it raw material remains extremely insufficient. The aim of our study was to examine the elemental compound of P. erecta rhizomes. The object of study was the rhizomes of P. erecta from a various natural zones of Ukraine (Carpathians, Polesie). Raw material was analyzed by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. Twenty nine elements were identified in studied samples.  It was established that the level of concentration decreases in this sequence: Ca > S > Mg > K > Sn > I > P > Ba > Al > Zn > Mn > Fe > Sr > Si > Ag > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > V > Se > Ti > Cd > Ge > Na > Mo > Co > As > Bi. Ca, S and Mg are present in high concentrations in both analyzed samples of P. erecta. K, Sn, I, P, Ba and Al were identified in quantities of more than 100 mg/kg. Other elements found in small quantities. The content of some metals was significantly different in the analyzed samples. The main reason is, probably, the difference between the ecological conditions of plants habitats. The experimental data can be used for prognosing and planning pharmacological research of P. erecta and development of quality control methods for plant material of this medicinal plant.

scholarly journals Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of germanium in technological products of lead, zinc, and copper production of the UK MC KAZZINC LLP

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
L.N. Raimbayeva ◽  
◽  
R.A. Aubakirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Extended Uncertainty ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Technological Products

Germanium is an indispensable high-tech element in many modern industries due to the unique semiconductor properties of its crystals. Subsequently, there were discovered other interesting properties of germanium and its compounds, which contributed to a significant expansion of its industrial use. At present, there are developed few methods for the determination of germanium in various raw materials that could find practical application. The article presents a method for measuring the concentration of germanium in technological products of lead, zinc, and copper industries using the latest technological equipment-an atomic emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma Spectro CirosCCD with Smart Analyzer Vision software in solutions obtained after decomposition of samples with a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids, followed by the addition of dilute sulfuric acid at a wavelength of 209.43 nm. The range of analyte contents is 10-4-10-3% by mass, the accuracy of the analysis method is ± Δ0.0011-0.0012% by mass, and the extended uncertainty of the analysis results is U (CGe) 0.0011-0.013% by mass.

scholarly journals REACTION OF SPRING WHEAT IREN ON ABIOTIC CONDITIONS WITH CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAIN

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Ильдус Фатыхов ◽  
Ildus Fatykhov ◽  
Елена Корепанова ◽  
Elena Korepanova ◽  
Борис Борисов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Russian Scientific Research Institute

The problem of the chemical composition of fruits and seeds of field crops, depending on abiotic conditions, requires further investigation and is an urgent task. The aim of the research was to study the reaction of spring wheat Iren to abiotic conditions by the chemical composition of the grain. The research tasks are to determine the chemical composition of grain by 70 elements; to reveal differences in the content of chemical elements in grains, grown in various abiotic conditions. The object of research is the grains of spring wheat of Iren variety. Samples of Iren spring wheat grains of 2014 and 2015 years harvest were taken to determine the content of 70 chemical elements Agricultural consumers’ co-operative named after Michurin of Vavozhskiy district of the Udmurt Republic. The content of 70 chemical elements in grain was determined in the Analytical Certified Testing Center (ACTC) of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials named after N.M. Fedorovskiy (VIMS). The analysis method is mass-spectral with inductively coupled plasma (MS) + atomic emission with inductively coupled plasma (AE) according to the NSAM technique №512-MS. The reaction of Irene spring wheat to abiotic conditions was expressed by a different content of 45 chemical elements in the grains. The concentration of 25 chemical elements in the grain over the years of research did not differ. Grain, grown in the abiotic conditions of 2014, contained more lithium, boron, sodium, aluminum, calcium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, palladium, tin, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, mercury, lead, thorium. In the abiotic conditions of 2015, the grains had a higher content of magnesium - by 255.3, silicon by 6.1, phosphorus by 738.8, sulfur by 153.2, potassium by 871.9, titanium by 6 , 23, manganese - by 19.4, iron - by 9.6 μg / g, relative to similar indicators in the grain crop of 2014.

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