scholarly journals Prevalence and Diversity of Hepatitis Virus Markers among Patients with Acute Febrile Jaundice in Chad

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 878-887
Author(s):  
Fissou Henry Yandai ◽  
Kuan Abdoulaye Traore ◽  
Ali Mahamat Moussa ◽  
Bruno Lalidia Ouoba ◽  
Jean Bienvenue Ouoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Febrile Jaundice ◽  
Sahelian Zone

Only a minority of the patients with acute febrile jaundice evaluated through the Yellow Fever surveillance program were found positive for antibodies against Yellow Fever Virus (YFV). In order to characterize patients with acute febrile jaundice negative for YFV, we collected 255 sera between January to December 2019. We screened for HBV antigens, and antibodies against HCV and HEV. The seroprevalences observed were 10.6% (27/255) for HBV, 2% (5/255) for HCV, 17.3% (44/255) for HEV IgG, 4.3% (11/255) for HEV IgM, and 12.5% (32/255) for both IgG and IgM HEV. Prevalence of HEV was significantly higher in females than males (p < 0.01). HEV IgG prevalence was highest in those 20–29 years old, but the highest incidence rate (IgM positive) was in children 0–9 years old. Exposure to HEV was higher in the Sahelian zone (55.8%, 95% CI: 40.97–70.66) than in the Sudanese zone (30.2%, 95% CI: 24.01–36.37, p = 0.003). The high prevalence rates and hepatitis virus diversity underline the challenge of routine clinical diagnosis in Chad’s Yellow Fever surveillance program.

scholarly journals Herpes Infections in Suspected Cases of Yellow Fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Sheila Makiala-Mandanda ◽  
Jessica L. Abbate ◽  
Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu ◽  
Steve Ahuka-Mundeke ◽  
Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Febrile Jaundice

In the battle to quickly identify potential yellow fever arbovirus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, active syndromic surveillance of acute febrile jaundice patients across the country is a powerful tool. However, patients who test negative for yellow fever virus infection are too often left without a diagnosis. By retroactively screening samples for other potential viral infections, we can both try to find sources of patient disease and gain information on how commonly they may occur and co-occur. Several human arboviruses have previously been identified, but there remain many other viral families that could be responsible for acute febrile jaundice. Here, we assessed the prevalence of human herpes viruses (HHVs) in these acute febrile jaundice disease samples. Total viral DNA was extracted from serum of 451 patients with acute febrile jaundice. We used real-time quantitative PCR to test all specimens for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). We found 21.3% had active HHV replication (13.1%, 2.4%, 6.2% and 2.4% were positive for CMV, HSV, HHV-6 and VZV, respectively), and that nearly half (45.8%) of these infections were characterized by co-infection either among HHVs or between HHVs and other viral infection, sometimes associated with acute febrile jaundice previously identified. Our results show that the role of HHV primary infection or reactivation in contributing to acute febrile jaundice disease identified through the yellow fever surveillance program should be routinely considered in diagnosing these patients.

scholarly journals Yellow fever in Brazil: thoughts and hypotheses on the emergence in previously free areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1144-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
High Prevalence

This article describes and discusses factors associated to the reemergence of yellow fever and its transmission dynamics in the states of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) and Rio Grande do Sul (Southern) during 2008 and 2009. The following factors have played a pivotal role for the reemergence of yellow fever in these areas: large susceptible human population; high prevalence of vectors and primary hosts (non-human primates); favorable climate conditions, especially increased rainfall; emergence of a new genetic lineage; and circulation of people and/or monkeys infected by virus. There is a need for an effective surveillance program to prevent the reemergence of yellow fever in other Brazilian states.

scholarly journals How to Deal with Antibiotic Resistance?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal H ◽  
◽  
Wang L ◽  
Khan MN ◽  
Yang X ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Comprehensive Surveillance

Antibiotic resistance is the most serious global problem to be addressed. This requires comprehensive surveillance study programs at the level of countries, especially those with high prevalence rates. Therefore, we have tried to point out the missing gaps of Pakistan’s antibiotic resistance surveillance study programs in the light of our previously published article. We hope this will help to improve the current situation of antibiotic resistance and the existing surveillance program.

scholarly journals Herpes Infections in Suspected Cases of Yellow Fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Makiala-Mandanda ◽  
Jessica L Abbate ◽  
Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu ◽  
Steve Ahuka-Mundeke ◽  
Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Herpes Viruses ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Human Herpes Viruses ◽  
Febrile Jaundice

Abstract In the battle to quickly identify potential yellow fever arbovirus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, active surveillance of acute febrile jaundice patients across the country is a powerful tool. However, patients who test negative for yellow fever virus infection are too often left without a diagnosis. By retroactively screening samples for other potential viral infections, we can both try to find sources of patient disease and also gain information on how commonly they circulate in the population. Here, we assessed the prevalence of human herpes viruses (HHVs) in these acute febrile jaundice disease samples. We found 22.6% had active HHV replication, and that over half were characterized by co-infection either among HHVs or between HHVs and other viral infections previously identified. Our results show that the role of HHV primary infection or reactivation in contributing to acute febrile jaundice disease should be further investigated.

scholarly journals High Prevalence and Diversity of Hepatitis Viruses in Suspected Cases of Yellow Fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1299-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Makiala-Mandanda ◽  
Frédéric Le Gal ◽  
Nadine Ngwaka-Matsung ◽  
Steve Ahuka-Mundeke ◽  
Richard Onanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Febrile Jaundice

ABSTRACTThe majority of patients with acute febrile jaundice (>95%) identified through a yellow fever surveillance program in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) test negative for antibodies against yellow fever virus. However, no etiological investigation has ever been carried out on these patients. Here, we tested for hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis D (HDV), and hepatitis E (HEV) viruses, all of which can cause acute febrile jaundice, in patients included in the yellow fever surveillance program in the DRC. On a total of 498 serum samples collected from suspected cases of yellow fever from January 2003 to January 2012, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were used to screen for antibodies against HAV (IgM) and HEV (IgM) and for antigens and antibodies against HBV (HBsAg and anti-hepatitis B core protein [HBc] IgM, respectively), HCV, and HDV. Viral loads and genotypes were determined for HBV and HVD. Viral hepatitis serological markers were diagnosed in 218 (43.7%) patients. The seroprevalences were 16.7% for HAV, 24.6% for HBV, 2.3% for HCV, and 10.4% for HEV, and 26.1% of HBV-positive patients were also infected with HDV. Median viral loads were 4.19 × 105IU/ml for HBV (range, 769 to 9.82 × 109IU/ml) and 1.4 × 106IU/ml for HDV (range, 3.1 × 102to 2.9 × 108IU/ml). Genotypes A, E, and D of HBV and genotype 1 of HDV were detected. These high hepatitis prevalence rates highlight the necessity to include screening for hepatitis viruses in the yellow fever surveillance program in the DRC.

Comparing the Impact of Religious Discourse on HIV/AIDS in Islam and Christianity in Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sloane Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

In examining the strikingly high prevalence rates of HIV in many parts of Africa, reaching as high as 5% in some areas, how does the discourse promoted by the predominant religions across the continent, Islam and Christianity, affect the outlook of their followers on the epidemic? This question becomes even more intriguing after discovering the dramatic difference in rate of HIV prevalence between Muslims and Christians in Africa, confirmed by studies that have found a negative relationship to exist between HIV prevalence and being Muslim in Africa, even in Sub-Saharan African nations. Why does this gap in prevalence rates exist? Does Islam advocate participating in less risky behavior more so than Christianity? By comparing the social construction, epidemiological understanding and public responses among Muslim populations in Africa with Christian ones, it becomes apparent that many similarities exist between the two regarding discourse and that, rather than religious discourse itself, other social factors, such as circumcision practices, contribute more to the disparity in HIV prevalence than originally thought.

scholarly journals Multiple Mammarenaviruses Circulating in Angolan Rodents

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Jana Těšíková ◽  
Jarmila Krásová ◽  
Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Rodent Community ◽  
High Virus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Virus Genomes

Rodents are a speciose group of mammals with strong zoonotic potential. Some parts of Africa are still underexplored for the occurrence of rodent-borne pathogens, despite this high potential. Angola is at the convergence of three major biogeographical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, each harbouring a specific rodent community. This rodent-rich area is, therefore, strategic for studying the diversity and evolution of rodent-borne viruses. In this study we examined 290 small mammals, almost all rodents, for the presence of mammarenavirus and hantavirus RNA. While no hantavirus was detected, we found three rodent species positive for distinct mammarenaviruses with a particularly high prevalence in Namaqua rock rats (Micaelamys namaquensis). We characterised four complete virus genomes, which showed typical mammarenavirus organisation. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses revealed: (i) the presence of a significantly divergent strain of Luna virus in Angolan representatives of the ubiquitous Natal multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis), (ii) a novel Okahandja-related virus associated with the Angolan lineage of Micaelamys namaquensis for which we propose the name Bitu virus (BITV) and (iii) the occurrence of a novel Mobala-like mammarenavirus in the grey-bellied pygmy mouse (Mus triton) for which we propose the name Kwanza virus (KWAV). This high virus diversity in a limited host sample size and in a relatively small geographical area supports the idea that Angola is a hotspot for mammarenavirus diversity.

scholarly journals Yellow fever virus outbreak in Brazil under current and future climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 664-677
Author(s):  
Tara Sadeghieh ◽  
Jan M. Sargeant ◽  
Amy L. Greer ◽  
Olaf Berke ◽  
Guillaume Dueymes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Future Climate

scholarly journals Yellow Fever Outbreak in Eastern Senegal, 2020–2021

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Moussa Moïse Diagne ◽  
Marie Henriette Dior Ndione ◽  
Alioune Gaye ◽  
Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽  
Diawo Diallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Ministry Of Health

Yellow fever virus remains a major threat in low resource countries in South America and Africa despite the existence of an effective vaccine. In Senegal and particularly in the eastern part of the country, periodic sylvatic circulation has been demonstrated with varying degrees of impact on populations in perpetual renewal. We report an outbreak that occurred from October 2020 to February 2021 in eastern Senegal, notified and managed through the synergistic effort yellow fever national surveillance implemented by the Senegalese Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, the countrywide 4S network set up by the Ministry of Health, the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, and the surveillance of arboviruses and hemorrhagic fever viruses in human and vector populations implemented since mid 2020 in eastern Senegal. Virological analyses highlighted the implication of sylvatic mosquito species in virus transmission. Genomic analysis showed a close relationship between the circulating strain in eastern Senegal, 2020, and another one from the West African lineage previously detected and sequenced two years ago from an unvaccinated Dutch traveler who visited the Gambia and Senegal before developing signs after returning to Europe. Moreover, genome analysis identified a 6-nucleotide deletion in the variable domain of the 3′UTR with potential impact on the biology of the viral strain that merits further investigations. Integrated surveillance of yellow fever virus but also of other arboviruses of public health interest is crucial in an ecosystem such as eastern Senegal.

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