scholarly journals Dynamic In Vitro Models of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract as Relevant Tools to Assess the Survival of Probiotic Strains and Their Interactions with Gut Microbiota

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Cordonnier ◽  
Jonathan Thévenot ◽  
Lucie Etienne-Mesmin ◽  
Sylvain Denis ◽  
Monique Alric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Probiotic Strains

scholarly journals Modulation of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Survival and Virulence in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Jubelin ◽  
Mickaël Desvaux ◽  
Stephanie Schüller ◽  
Lucie Etienne-Mesmin ◽  
Maite Muniesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for human diseases ranging from diarrhoea to life-threatening complications. Survival of the pathogen and modulation of virulence gene expression along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are key features in bacterial pathogenesis, but remain poorly described, due to a paucity of relevant model systems. This review will provide an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effect of abiotic (e.g., gastric acid, bile, low oxygen concentration or fluid shear) and biotic (e.g., gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids or host hormones) parameters of the human gut on EHEC survival and/or virulence (especially in relation with motility, adhesion and toxin production). Despite their relevance, these studies display important limitations considering the complexity of the human digestive environment. These include the evaluation of only one single digestive parameter at a time, lack of dynamic flux and compartmentalization, and the absence of a complex human gut microbiota. In a last part of the review, we will discuss how dynamic multi-compartmental in vitro models of the human gut represent a novel platform for elucidating spatial and temporal modulation of EHEC survival and virulence along the GIT, and provide new insights into EHEC pathogenesis.

Ellagitannins, Gallotannins and their Metabolites- The Contribution to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Food Products and Medicinal Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 4946-4967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Kiss ◽  
Jakub P. Piwowarski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of food products and medicinal plant materials containing hydrolysable tannins (HT) is nowadays rapidly increasing. Among various health effects attributable to the products of plant origin rich in gallotannins and/or ellagitannins the most often underlined is the beneficial influence on diseases possessing inflammatory background. Results of clinical, interventional and animal in vivo studies clearly indicate the antiinflammatory potential of HT-containing products, as well as pure ellagitannins and gallotannins. In recent years a great emphasis has been put on the consideration of metabolism and bioavailability of natural products during examination of their biological effects. Conducted in vivo and in vitro studies of polyphenols metabolism put a new light on this issue and indicate the gut microbiota to play a crucial role in the health effects following their oral administration. The aim of the review is to summarize the knowledge about HT-containing products’ phytochemistry and their anti-inflammatory effects together with discussion of the data about observed biological activities with regards to the current concepts on the HTs’ bioavailability and metabolism. Orally administered HT-containing products due to the limited bioavailability of ellagitannins and gallotannins can influence immune response at the level of gastrointestinal tract as well as express modulating effects on the gut microbiota composition. However, due to the chemical changes being a result of their transit through gastrointestinal tract, comprising of hydrolysis and gut microbiota metabolism, the activity of produced metabolites has to be taken into consideration. Studies regarding biological effects of the HTs’ metabolites, in particular urolithins, indicate their strong and structure-dependent anti-inflammatory activities, being observed at the concentrations, which fit the range of their established bioavailability. The impact of HTs on inflammatory processes has been well established on various in vivo and in vitro models, while influence of microbiota metabolites on silencing the immune response gives a new perspective on understanding anti-inflammatory effects attributed to HT containing products, especially their postulated effectiveness in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Physical effects of dietary fibre on simulated luminal flow, studied byin vitrodynamic gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3452-3465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Tamargo ◽  
Carolina Cueva ◽  
M. Dolores Alvarez ◽  
Beatriz Herranz ◽  
M. Victoria Moreno-Arribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Gastrointestinal Digestion ◽  
Luminal Flow ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Nutrient Diffusion ◽  
Physical Changes

During the transit through the gastrointestinal tract, fibre undergoes physical changes not usually included inin vitrodigestion studies even though they influence nutrient diffusion and might play a role in gut microbiota growth.

In vitro fermentation of Cucumis sativus fructus extract by canine gut microbiota in combination with two probiotic strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 103585
Author(s):  
Benedetta Belà ◽  
Maria Magdalena Coman ◽  
Maria Cristina Verdenelli ◽  
Cinzia Bianchi ◽  
Giulia Pignataro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Probiotic Strains

In vitro Gastrointestinal Models for Prebiotic Carbohydrates: A Critical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (32) ◽  
pp. 3478-3483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Brush Border ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Existing Data

Background: In the last decade, various consortia and companies have created standardized digestion protocols and gastrointestinal simulators, such as the protocol proposed by the INFOGEST Consortium, the simulator SHIME, the simulator simgi®, the TIM, etc. Most of them claim to simulate the entire human gastrointestinal tract. However, few results have been reported on the use of these systems with potential prebiotic carbohydrates. Methods: This critical review addresses the existing data on the analysis of prebiotic carbohydrates by different in vitro gastrointestinal simulators, the lack of parameters that could affect the results, and recommendations for their enhancement. Results: According to the reviewed data, there is a lack of a realistic approximation of the small intestinal conditions, mainly because of the absence of hydrolytic conditions, such as the presence of small intestinal brush border carbohydrases that can affect the digestibility of different carbohydrates, including prebiotics. Conclusion: There is a necessity to standardize and enhance the small intestine simulators to study the in vitro digestibility of carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Efficient Protection of Probiotics for Delivery to the Intestinal tract by Cellulose Sulphate Encapsulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Henry Gunzburg ◽  
Myo Myint Aung ◽  
Pauline Toa ◽  
Shirelle Ng ◽  
Eliot Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Encapsulation ◽  
Stomach Acid ◽  
Intestinal Delivery ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cellulose Sulphate ◽  
Micro Organisms

Abstract Background: Gut microbiota in humans and animals play an important role in health, aiding in digestion, regulation of the immune system and protection against pathogens. Changes or imbalances in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) have been linked to a variety of local and systemic diseases, and there is growing evidence that restoring the balance of the microbiota by delivery of probiotic micro-organisms can improve health. However, orally delivered probiotic micro-organisms must survive transit through lethal highly acid conditions of the stomach and bile salts in the small intestine. Current methods to protect probiotic micro-organisms are still not effective enough.Results : We have developed a cell encapsulation technology based on the natural polymer, cellulose sulphate (CS) that protects members of the microbiota from stomach acid and bile. Here we show that six commonly used probiotic strains (5 bacteria and 1 yeast) can be encapsulated within CS microspheres. These encapsulated strains survive low pH in vitro for up to 4 hours without appreciable loss in viability as compared to their respective non-encapsulated counterparts. They also survive subsequent exposure to bile. The CS microspheres can be digested by levels of cellulase found in the human intestine, indicating one mechanism of release. Studies in mice that were fed CS encapsulated autofluorescing, commensal E. coli demonstrated release and colonization of the intestinal tract.Conclusion: Taken together, the data suggests that CS microencapsulation can protect bacteria and yeast from viability losses due to stomach acid, allowing the use of lower oral doses of probiotics and microbiota, whilst ensuring good intestinal delivery and release.

scholarly journals Efficient protection of microorganisms for delivery to the intestinal tract by cellulose sulphate encapsulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H. Gunzburg ◽  
Myo Myint Aung ◽  
Pauline Toa ◽  
Shirelle Ng ◽  
Eliot Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Cell Encapsulation ◽  
Stomach Acid ◽  
Intestinal Delivery ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cellulose Sulphate

Abstract Background Gut microbiota in humans and animals play an important role in health, aiding in digestion, regulation of the immune system and protection against pathogens. Changes or imbalances in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) have been linked to a variety of local and systemic diseases, and there is growing evidence that restoring the balance of the microbiota by delivery of probiotic microorganisms can improve health. However, orally delivered probiotic microorganisms must survive transit through lethal highly acid conditions of the stomach and bile salts in the small intestine. Current methods to protect probiotic microorganisms are still not effective enough. Results We have developed a cell encapsulation technology based on the natural polymer, cellulose sulphate (CS), that protects members of the microbiota from stomach acid and bile. Here we show that six commonly used probiotic strains (5 bacteria and 1 yeast) can be encapsulated within CS microspheres. These encapsulated strains survive low pH in vitro for at least 4 h without appreciable loss in viability as compared to their respective non-encapsulated counterparts. They also survive subsequent exposure to bile. The CS microspheres can be digested by cellulase at concentrations found in the human intestine, indicating one mechanism of release. Studies in mice that were fed CS encapsulated autofluorescing, commensal E. coli demonstrated release and colonization of the intestinal tract. Conclusion Taken together, the data suggests that CS microencapsulation can protect bacteria and yeasts from viability losses due to stomach acid, allowing the use of lower oral doses of probiotics and microbiota, whilst ensuring good intestinal delivery and release.

scholarly journals Microplastics as Vectors of Chromium and Lead during Dynamic Simulation of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4792
Author(s):  
Verónica Godoy ◽  
Antonio Martínez-Férez ◽  
María Ángeles Martín-Lara ◽  
José Antonio Vellido-Pérez ◽  
Mónica Calero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Surface Porosity ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

The human body is exposed to the ingestion of microplastics that are often contaminated with other substances, which can be released into our body. In this work, a dynamic in-vitro simulator of the gastrointestinal tract based on a membrane reactor has been used for the first time to study the release, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) from polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics previously contaminated in the laboratory. The results showed that 23.11% of the initial Cr and 23.17% of the initial Pb present in microplastics were able to cross the tubular membrane, simulating the intestinal absorption phase. The pH evolution during the gastric phase and the duodenal phase, the interaction mechanisms with physiological fluids, and the properties of the polymers, such as specific surface, porosity, and/or surface degradation, affected the kinetics of release from the microplastics and the behavior of both heavy metals. Cr was released very early in the gastric phase, but also began simultaneously to precipitate quite fast, while Pb was released slower and in less quantity than Cr, and did not precipitate until the beginning of the duodenal phase. This study shows, for the first time, how useful the dynamic gastrointestinal simulator is to study the behavior of microplastics and some problematic heavy metals along the human gastrointestinal tract, and can serve as a reference for future studies focused on the effects of these substances in the human body.

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