In-Vitro Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic Activity, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Phenol-Rich Extract from the Marine Red Algae Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva

Obesity and diabetes are major metabolic disorders which are prevalent worldwide. Algae has played an important role in managing these disorders. In this study, Gracilaria edulis, a marine red algae, was investigated for antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential using in vitro models. De-polysaccharide methanol extract of G. edulis was sequentially partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and antioxidants, and hypoglycemic potentials were evaluated using multiple methods. High antioxidant potential was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power, iron chelating, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, while the crude methanol extract exhibited potent oxygen radical-absorbance capacity. Potent α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction, while the ethyl acetate fraction was effective against α-glucosidase inhibition. Glucose diffusion was inhibited by the ethyl acetate fraction at 180 min, and the highest antiglycation activity was observed in both chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of several potent anti-diabetic compounds. In conclusion, G. edulis exhibited promising antidiabetic potential via multiple mechanisms. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest hypoglycemic and antiglycation potential among the four fractions, and hence the isolation of active compounds is required to develop leads for new drugs to treat diabetes.

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Phytochemicals of Minthostachys diffusa Epling and Their Health-Promoting Bioactivities

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9020144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 144

Author(s):

Immacolata Faraone ◽

Daniela Russo ◽

Lucia Chiummiento ◽

Eloy Fernandez ◽

Alka Choudhary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Spectrometry Analysis ◽

In Silico Docking ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Health Promoting

The genus Minthostachys belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and is an important South American mint genus used commonly in folk medicine as an aroma in cooking. The phytochemical-rich samples of the aerial parts of Minthostachys diffusa Epling. were tested for pharmacological and health-promoting bioactivities using in vitro chemical and enzymatic assays. A range of radical scavenging activities of the samples against biological radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide anion and against synthetic 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and the lipid peroxidation inhibition were determined and ranked using the ‘relative antioxidant capacity index’ (RACI). The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest RACI of +1.12. Analysis of the various fractions’ inhibitory ability against enzymes involved in diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and against enzymes associated with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) also suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed more than 30 polyphenolic compounds, including triterpenes. The inhibitory cholinesterase effects of the triterpenes identified from M. diffusa were further analysed by in silico docking of these compounds into 3D-structures of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. This is the first study on pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiling of the aerial parts of M. diffusa, showing that this plant, normally used as food in South America, is also rich in health-promoting phytochemicals.

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Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Sarcocarp of Cotoneaster multiflorus

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/4619768 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiangping Liu ◽

Jia Jia ◽

Xuemin Jing ◽

Guoliang Li

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Extract ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Water Fraction

The ethanol-water (7 : 3, v/v) extract of Cotoneaster multiflorus sarcocarp was sequentially fractionated by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, diethyl ether, methylene dichloride, and ethyl acetate. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavones, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in the five parts (including the ethanol-water extract) were determined. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation decolorization, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays were conducted to test the antioxidant activities of Sample 1 (the ethanol-water fraction) and Sample 2 (the ethyl acetate fraction) in vitro. In the above five assays, Sample 2 showed greater antioxidant capacities than Sample 1. Furthermore, Sample 2 was better able to protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The test results show that C. multiflorus sarcocarp, especially the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

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Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 315

Author(s):

Zhenxing Wang ◽

Zongcai Tu ◽

Xing Xie ◽

Hao Cui ◽

Kin Weng Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

The Body ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Glycogen Accumulation ◽

Inhibitory Ability

This study aims to evaluate the bioactive components, in vitro bioactivities, and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of P. frutescens leaf, which is a traditional medicine-food homology plant. P. frutescens methanol crude extract and its fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions, and aqueous phase residue) were prepared by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction and liquid–liquid extraction. Among the samples, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the high total phenolic (440.48 μg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid content (455.22 μg RE/mg DE), the best antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 1.71, 1.14, 2.40, 1.29, and 2.4 times higher than that of control Vc, respectively), the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with the IC50 value of 190.03 μg/mL which was 2.2-folds higher than control acarbose, the strongest proliferative inhibitory ability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell with the IC50 values of 37.92 and 13.43 μg/mL, which were considerable with control cisplatin, as well as certain inhibition abilities on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. HPLC analysis showed that the luteolin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and catechin were the dominant components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Animal experiments further demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction could significantly decrease the serum glucose level, food, and water intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats, increase the body weight, modulate their serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, improve the histopathology and glycogen accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue. Taken together, P. frutescens leaf exhibits excellent hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a source of natural antidiabetic agent.

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IN VITRO TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITES OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM THE MEDICINAL PLANT PHYSALIS MINIMA LINN

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16635 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 192 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Venkanna Banothu ◽

Uma Adepally ◽

Jayalakshmi Lingam

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power

Objective: To estimate the in vitro total phenolics, flavonoids contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Physalis minima Linn.Methods: The crude bioactive were extracted from the dried powder of Physalis minima using methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial assay was done through agar well diffusion; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth microdilution methods against the Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).Results: TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ranged from 60.27±1.73-151.25±2.50 mg GAE/g dry weight, and TFC expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE) ranged from 56.66±0.80-158.84±2.30 mg QE/g dry weight. Methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane extract and the IC50 values of methanol extract for scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 280.23±5.75-173.40±0.38µg/ml, respectively. All the extracts have shown potent antimicrobial activity for the zone of inhibition ranged from 9-35 mm; MICs and MBCs values ranged from 0.125-4.0 and 0.25-8.0 mg/ml, respectively towards tested pathogenic species.Conclusion: The comprehensive analysis of the present results demonstrated that Physalis minima possess high potential antioxidant properties which could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants in treating infections caused by above-mentioned pathogens.

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In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Neuronal Cell Toxicity of Roots of Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2011/183172 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1451-1455

Author(s):

Ramalingam Mahesh ◽

Hyo Won Jung ◽

Jun Hong Park ◽

Yong-Ki Park

Keyword(s):

Cell Viability ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Ostericum Koreanum

Ostericum koreanummaximowicz (Umbelliferae), a medicinal herb in Korean Oriental Medicine, has been applied to treat cold, headache, neuralgia and arthralgia. The ethyl acetate fraction ofO. koreanumroot was subjected toin vitroantioxidant activity with different methods for free radical scavenging activities. In addition, the cell viability and nitric oxide release assays were performed here for the first time in neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cell cultures. Among all the tested methods, the ethyl acetate fraction was expressed very active, exhibiting a good Trolox equivalent values and IC50, comparable to that of the commercial antioxidants, Trolox and ascorbic acid, respectively. The results showed that there was a reduction of cell viability by the fraction in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest thatO. koreanumshows good antioxidant activitiesin vitroby inhibiting free radicals. These findings provide a rationale for thein vivotesting. Also, the major constituents behind the antioxidant mechanisms of this fraction warrant further study.

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In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Afzelia bellaHarms (Fabaceae)

Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

10.4314/epj.v36i1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30

Author(s):

Josephine Ofeimun ◽

James Afolabi ◽

Ejiro Dowe ◽

Osayemwenre Erhauyi ◽

Enitome Bafor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

Afzelia bella Harms (Fabaceae), a plant widely distributed in Africa, is used in traditional medicine for varied disease conditions including the treatment of topical skin infections. The present study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract and various solvent fractions of the leaves of the plant. The methanol leaf extract was partitioned to yield petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions. Total phenol and flavonoid contents, radical scavenging activity and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined by spectrophotometry, while antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and fractions were determined using agar-well diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively against clinical bacterial isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Escherishia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Candida parapsilosis, Microsporium audiounii. Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible among the bacterial strains tested, while Microsporium audiounii was the most susceptible fungus. The alcoholic extract and all solvent fractions demonstrated a concentration dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameter range of 7.5 to 35.0 mm. MIC ranged from 0.1 - 8 mg/ml and activity was highest in ethyl acetate fraction with MIC of 0.1 mg/ml. FRAP ranged from 0.161 - 0.319 mmol Fe2+/g extract and was highest in the ethyl acetate fraction. These results give an indication that A. bella leaf has high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and support the folkloric claim of the therapeutic potential of the plant. Keywords: antioxidant, antimicrobial, ethnomedicine, Afzelia bella, Fabaceae

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Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott could be Attributed to The Abundance of Polyphenol Compounds

Biology Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry ◽

10.14421/biomedich.2020.91.1-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Earnest Oghenesuvwe Erhirhie ◽

Emmanuel Emeka Ilodigwe ◽

Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku ◽

Blessing Ogechukwu Umeokoli ◽

Peter Maduabuchi Eze ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Anti Oxidant

Dryopteris filix mas (D filix-mas) is wildly used in ethnomedicine for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, wounds and other diseases. We investigated the anti-oxidant activities of its leaf extract, and chromatographic fractions. The ethanol leaf extract was partitioned into four fractions; n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging in vitro assays were carried out on the extract and fractions at 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µg/mL. The most active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) was further purified using chromatographic techniques to isolate its major compound whose structure was elucidated using ID nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate fraction produced the highest free radical scavenging activity among the other fractions. The fraction (VLC-E7) from which the bioactive compound, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside, was isolated had the best FRAP and DPPH scavenging activities with EC50 and IC50 values of 88.81 ± 3.41 and 26.87 ± 0.24 respectively more than the ethyl acetate fraction. This study revealed that the polyphenol flavonoid, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside could be responsible for antioxidant activity of ethno-medicinal property of D filix-mas leaf.

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Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds of Methanolic Extract of Java Plum (Syzygium cumini Linn. (Skeel) Seed

Indonesian Food and Nutrition Progress ◽

10.22146/ifnp.24279 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rohadi Rohadi ◽

Umar Santoso ◽

Sri Raharjo ◽

Iip Izul Falah

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Polar Fraction ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Syzygium Cumini ◽

Compound Identification ◽

Antioxidant Power

Methanolic extract of Java Plum (Syzygium cumini L. (Skeel) seed (MEJS) is potential source of natural antioxidant. As indicated by several in vitro measurements, the extract had strong DPPH (1,1 diphenyl, 2–picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis, 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical scavenging activity, strong Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and moderate inhibition activity of linoleic acid oxidation. This study aimed to determine antioxidant activity and phenolic compound of Java Plum seed (Syzygium cumini L. (Skeel) methanolic extract fractions. Phenolics compound identification using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed that all fractions (polar, semi polar and hydrolyzed semi polar fraction) contained Gallic acid, Tannic acid and flavonol’s Rutin. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that its polar fraction contained 25 ppm flavonol’s Quercetine and 55181 ppm flavonol’s (+)- Catechin, ethyl acetate fraction contained 54 ppm flavonol’s Rutin and 528 ppm (+)- Catechine, while hydrolyzed ethyl acetate fraction contained 404 ppm Rutin and 28692 ppm (+)- Catechine.

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APOPTOSIS-INDUCING POTENTIAL OF LAWSONIA ALBA LAM. LEAVES ON HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HEP-G2) CELLS ALONG WITH ITS ANTI-OXIDANT PROPERTY

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016.v8i9.12815 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 156

Author(s):

Soumyasree Dutta ◽

Nilanjana Deb ◽

Ashok Kumar Pattnaik ◽

Shila Elizabeth Besra

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Hep G2 ◽

Hep G2 Cells ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

G2 Cells

Objective: The current study investigated the anti-cancer potential of methanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of Lawsonia alba L. (Lythraceae) leaves extract on Hep-G2 and RAW 264.7 cells along with in vitro anti-oxidant property of the ethyl acetate fraction.Methods: The cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract and its fractions had been studied by MTT assay on Hep-G2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Morphological study of Hep-G2 cells was performed by light, fluorescence and confocal microscope. 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, detection of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by flow cytometric analysis had been performed to determine the proportion and stages of cellular apoptosis of Hep-G2 cells. In vitro anti-oxidant study of various fractions of MLA were performed by DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay.Results: Cytotoxicity study of MLA and ELA had been confirmed by MTT assay and the IC50 value were calculated to be 75.85μg/ml and 32.81μg/ml on Hep-G2 cell line respectively. Morphological study showed the arrays of nuclear changes including chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation indicating that treatment with ELA, causes apoptotic changes in the hepatoma cells compared to the untreated control. Agarose gel electrophoresis study showed fragmented DNA in the form of a ladder. Flow cytometric analysis showed an appreciable number of cells in early apoptosis stage. The cells were arrested, mostly in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Antioxidant property of ELA fraction was confirmed by free radical scavenging activity.Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction of Lawsonia alba L. leaves possess potent apoptotic activity against Hep-G2 cell line along with notable anti-oxidant activity.

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Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts, fractions and isolated substances from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502010000400013 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 715-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Cláudia Alexandra de Andrade ◽

João Luiz de Souza Carvalho ◽

Miriam Machado Cunico ◽

Ana Luísa Lacava Lordello ◽

Carmen Etsuko Kataoka Higaskino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Total Phenol Content

The extracts and fractions from the flowers of A. podalyriifolia were analyzed previously for antibacterial activity using diffusion in disk, Antioxidant properties were evaluated by determining radical scavenging power (DPPH test) and total phenol content was measured (Folin method). The present study describes the in vitro antibacterial (determining minimum inhibitory concentration) and antioxidant activities (by thiobarbituric acid reactive species - TBARS method) for the ethanol extract, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions and two flavanones (naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin) isolated from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don. The flavanones naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin had not previously been obtained from this species. The most effective antibacterial activity was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction (MIC=0.25 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, MIC = 0.125 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12229, MIC=0.5 mg mL-1 against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 43071). The evaluated samples showed antioxidant activity on the TBARS test, especially for ethanol extract (1000 ppm), which was the most active (29.43% ± 0.65) followed by ethyl acetate fraction (1000 ppm, 24.84% ± 1,28), both demonstrating higher activity than that presented by ascorbic acid (1000 ppm, 21.73% ± 1.77), although lower than the BHT (1000 ppm 35.15% ± 3.42), both reference compounds. Naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin demonstrated antioxidant action, but only naringenin inhibited the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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