Phenolic, Carotenoid and Saccharide Compositions of Vietnamese Camellia sinensis Teas and Herbal Teas

Tea (Camellia sinensis) and herbal tea have been recognized as rich sources of bioactive constituents with the ability to exert antioxidant actions. The aims of this study were to analyze phenolic, carotenoid and saccharide contents in a set of Vietnamese tea and herbal tea and compare the results with those of green and black teas marketed in the U.S. In total, 27 phenolics, six carotenoids and chlorophylls, and three saccharides were quantitatively identified. Catechins, quercetin glycosides and chlorogenic acid were the predominating phenolics in the teas, with the concentrations following the order: jasmine/green teas > oolong tea > black tea. Lutein was the dominant carotenoid in the teas and its concentrations were generally found to be higher in the jasmine and green teas than in the oolong and black teas. The study showed that the green teas originating in Vietnam had much higher levels of phenolics and carotenoids than their counterparts stemming from another country. The application of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) as a chemometric tool was able to differentiate phenolic profiles between methanolic extracts and tea infusions. Through principal component analysis (PCA), the similarities and dissimilarities among the jasmine, green, oolong, black teas and herbal teas were depicted.

Download Full-text

Determination of lemon and carbonate effects on caffeine content of various teas and investigation of daily caffeine intakes / Çeşitli çayların içerdikleri kafein miktarlarına limon ve karbonatın etkisi ve günlük alım miktarlarının incelenmesi

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2016-0045 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Funda Demir ◽

Azmi Seyhun Kıpçak ◽

Özgül Dere Özdemir ◽

Mehmet Burçin Pişkin ◽

Emek Möröydor Derun

Keyword(s):

Green Tea ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Black Tea ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Caffeine Content ◽

Tea Infusions ◽

Health Field

AbstractObjective: Tea (Camellia sinensis), has been used for health field in thousands of years. Caffeine is one of the key component in tea and investigation of caffeine is a popular working subject among the researches. The novelty of this study is not only the determination of the caffeine contents of the teas, but also how addition of lemon and carbonate effects the caffeine contents. Another aim of the study is the investigation of the daily caffeine intakes from teas.Methods: Tea infusions were prepared and caffeine contents were extracted by using chloroform and determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. For lemon and carbonate addition experiments, lemon was added before the caffeine analysis and carbonate was added at the beginning.Results: Maximum caffeine contents from highest to lowest were seen in black, earl grey and green in classic teas; fennel, mint and sage in herbal teas; lemon, apple and rosehip in fruit teas. With lemon addition caffeine contents were increased except green tea and with carbonate addition caffeine contents were decreased except black and fennel tea. Daily caffeine intakes are found between 32.10% (green tea with carbonate) - 77.20% (black tea with lemon), 1.85% (sage tea with carbonate) - 4.05% (fennel tea with lemon) and 2.10% (rosehip with carbonate) - 4.00% (lemon tea with lemon) in classic, herbal and fruit teas, respectively.Conclusion: The significance of this study indicates that herbal and fruit teas contain caffeine, which is assumed zero in literature. The caffeine amount of herbal teas (20.79±0.36-30.68±0.63 ppm) were found barely higher than the fruit teas (22.87±0.54-28.54±0.75 ppm) but daily maximum caffeine intakes were found less than 5%. The daily maximum caffeine intakes were found in the teas as 525.36±2.84-20.79±0.36 ppm, where lemon addition increased to 617.90±3.54-22.97±0.58 ppm and carbonate addition decreased to 488.54±2.05-16.84±0.28 ppm.

Download Full-text

Black Tea Samples Origin Discrimination Using Analytical Investigations of Secondary Metabolites, Antiradical Scavenging Activity and Chemometric Approach

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23030513 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 513 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Wojciech Koch ◽

Wirginia Kukula-Koch ◽

Łukasz Komsta

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Principal Component ◽

Black Tea ◽

Epicatechin Gallate ◽

Tea Infusions ◽

Chemometric Approach ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽

Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study on the composition and antioxidant properties of black tea samples with a chemometric approach was performed via LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and Folin–Ciocalteu assay (TPC). Marked differences between the teas from seven different countries (China, India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Nepal, Sri Lanka) were shown. The Indian samples demonstrated the highest total catechin content (184.8 mg/100 mL), the largest TPC and DPPH scavenging potential (58.2 mg/100 mL and 84.5%, respectively). The applied principal component analysis (PCA) and ANOVA revealed several correlations between the level of catechins in tea infusions. EC (epicatechin), ECG (epicatechin gallate), EGC (epigallocatechin), and EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) content was not correlated with DPPH, gallic acid, and TPC; however, a strong correlation of EC and ECG between themselves and a negative correlation of these two catechins with EGCG and EGC was noted. Interestingly, simple catechins were not found to be responsible for antioxidant properties of the black teas. The samples collected in the higher altitudes were similar.

Download Full-text

Fluoride and aluminum in teas and tea-based beverages

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-89102004000100014 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 100-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Mitsue Fujimaki Hayacibara ◽

Celso Silva Queiroz ◽

Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury ◽

Jaime Aparecido Cury

Keyword(s):

Atomic Absorption ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

General Health ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Black Tea ◽

Aluminum Concentration ◽

Herbal Tea ◽

Selective Electrode ◽

Upper Limit

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate fluoride and aluminum concentration in herbal, black, ready-to-drink, and imported teas available in Brazil considering the risks fluoride and aluminum pose to oral and general health, respectively. METHODS: One-hundred and seventy-seven samples of herbal and black tea, 11 types of imported tea and 21 samples of ready-to-drink tea were divided into four groups: I-herbal tea; II-Brazilian black tea (Camellia sinensis); III-imported tea (Camellia sinensis); IV-ready-to-drink tea-based beverages. Fluoride and aluminum were analyzed using ion-selective electrode and atomic absorption, respectively. RESULTS: Fluoride and aluminum levels in herbal teas were very low, but high amounts were found in black and ready-to-drink teas. Aluminum found in all samples analyzed can be considered safe to general health. However, considering 0.07 mg F/kg/day as the upper limit of fluoride intake with regard to undesirable dental fluorosis, some teas exceed the daily intake limit for children. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian and imported teas made from Camellia sinensis as well as some tea-based beverages are sources of significant amounts of fluoride, and their intake may increase the risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Download Full-text

Evaluation and comparison of bioactive constituents of Artemisiae argyi Folium collected at different developmental stages

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa105 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Zhang ◽

Limin Yao ◽

Yaqing Chang ◽

Guiya Yang ◽

Zijing Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herbal Medicine ◽

High Performance ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Principal Component ◽

Food Supplement ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bioactive Components ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Dynamic Changes ◽

Phenolic Profiles

Abstract Background Artemisiae argyi Folium has been used as herbal medicine and food supplement in China and other Asian countries. There is no report about whether the different developmental stages can influence the bioactive compositions of Artemisiae argyi Folium. Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of bioactive constituents of Artemisiae argyi Folium collected at different developmental stages. Methods The volatile and nonvolatile bioactive components in Artemisiae argyi Folium collected at six different developmental stages were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Chemometrics analysis, including principal component analysis and partial least squares discrimination analysis were further performed to compare and discriminate the Artemisiae argyi Folium samples based on the analysis results. Results The results indicated the bioactive compositions in Artemisiae argyi Folium had obvious change during the period of growth. The volatile compositions of Artemisiae argyi Folium collected at different stages are the same, while their relative contents are different. Six volatile compounds could be regarded as chemical markers, which were responsible for the intergroup differences. The phenolic profiles of Artemisiae argyi Folium at different stages indicated a similar composition while variated content levels of main phenolic compounds. Conclusions The comparative results will facilitate better understanding of dynamic changes of bioactive constituents of Artemisiae argyi Folium samples collected at different stages and provide useful information for cultivation and utilization of this herbal medicine. Highlights The volatile and nonvolatile bioactive components in Artemisiae argyi Folium collected at different developmental stages were evaluated and compared for the first time.

Download Full-text

Determination of inorganic anions in herbal tea infusions using ion chromatography

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn1834089m ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 89-99

Author(s):

Zeljka Milovanovic ◽

Sladjana Popovic ◽

Ana Pantelic ◽

Jelena Milinkov ◽

Dragana Milosevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ion Chromatography ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Principal Component ◽

Ionic Concentration ◽

Lemon Juice ◽

Herbal Tea ◽

Inorganic Anion ◽

Ionic Content ◽

Tea Infusions

The ionic content was examined in nine aqueous tea extracts in which time of boiling, acidification of the medium using lemon juice and way of preparation were observed as factors. Ion chromatography was used for determination of inorganic anion content, and data were processed using CANOCO program for multivariate analysis. The variations in ionic content were observed among different tea samples. The highest concentrations of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate ions were found in nettle, while the highest concentrations of fluorides were detected in elderflower tea infusion. The effect of boiling time (5, 10, and 20 min), acidification of the medium and different preparation procedure (boiling and cooling at room temperature) were statistically presented using principal component analysis. The examined factors did not have a significant effect on the ionic concentration in tea infusions.

Download Full-text

Chemometrical analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum profile of Indonesia’s black tea products (Camellia sinensis L.)

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac10.1721727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 4721-4727

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Black Tea ◽

Tea Quality ◽

And Cluster Analysis

Black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is one of the most popular beverage ingredients in Indonesia. Generally, tea quality assessment is done by tea taster using the organoleptic method with evaluation based on shape, color, aroma, and taste. In this research, an alternative method of testing black tea product quality with FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) was developed. The variability of chemical composition is an important factor that determines flavor (taste and aroma) and health benefits. The sample of black tea tested came from 12 products circulating in Indonesia. A chemometric analysis of Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis was used to support the analysis of specific differences of each FTIR spectra of samples. The analysis results of water and ethanol extract showed that the two solvents extracted the different of the variety of metabolite contents. Analysis of volatile compounds was also performed which also showed that each sample contained the different volatile compounds; which then is predicted can be investigated further to determine the black tea’s quality.

Download Full-text

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for flavonoids profiling of Napier grass herbal tea

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).311 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 65-71

Author(s):

K.S. Ng ◽

Z. Mohd Zin ◽

N. MohdMaidin ◽

H. Mamat ◽

N.H. Juhari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Acetic Acid Solution ◽

Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽

Black Tea ◽

Well Being ◽

Napier Grass ◽

Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽

Uv Detector ◽

Herbal Tea ◽

Methanolic Extracts

Natural plant products are becoming more and more essential in helping to promote safe well-being worldwide. This leads to a substantial rise in the consumption of various herbal teas. The presence of beneficial bioactive ingredients such as flavonoids may be correlated with Napier grass herbal tea having health benefits associated with their intake. Studies have shown that herbal teas have preferentially high antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids in them. The purpose of this study was to identify the Napier grass herbal teas flavonoids prepared under different conditions. Napier grass herbal teas have been formulated using green tea and black tea processes, respectively. The tea samples were extracted in water (95°C, 30 mins) and 60% (v/v) aqueous methanol (30 mins), respectively. Approximately, 1% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid solution (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) were used as the mobile phase. The flow rate was adjusted to 0.7 mL/min, the column was thermostatically controlled at 28°C, and the injection column was kept at 20 μL. HPLC chromatograms were detected using a photodiode array UV detector at 272 nm. Gallic acid, P-coumaric acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, myricetin and kaempferol were found in both Napier grass water and methanolic extracts, respectively. The findings suggested that the HPLC techniques are ideal for the detection and identification of flavonoids in Napier grass teas

Download Full-text

Genetic Analysis of Chinese Cucumber Collections in the U.S. National Germplasm Collection

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.534e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 534e-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Staub ◽

Felix Sequen ◽

Tom Horejsi ◽

Jin Feng Chen

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Analysis ◽

Allelic Variation ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Principal Component ◽

Isozyme Loci ◽

National Plant Germplasm System ◽

The U.S

Genetic variation in cucumber accessions from China was assessed by examining variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci. Principal component analysis of allelic variation allowed for the depiction of two distinct groupings of Chinese accessions collected in 1994 and 1996 (67 accessions). Six isozyme loci (Gpi, Gr, Mdh-2, Mpi-2, Pep-gl, and Pep-la) were important in elucidating these major groups. These groupings were different from a single grouping of Chinese 146 accessions acquired before 1994. Allelic variation in Chinese accessions allowed for comparisons with other accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (U.S. NPGS) collection grouped by continent and sub-continent. When Chinese accessions taken collectively were compared with an array of 853 C. sativus U.S. NPGS accessions examined previously, relationships differed between accessions grouped by country or subcontinent. Data indicate that acquisition of additional Chinese and Indian cucumber accessions would be strategically important for increasing genetic diversity in the U.S. NPGS cucumber collection.

Download Full-text