scholarly journals Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Recent Updates

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Fytianos ◽  
Abbas Rahdar ◽  
George Z. Kyzas
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Cosmetic Industry ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
Safety Assessments

This review paper collects the recent updates regarding the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics. Special focus is given to the applications of nanomaterials in the cosmetic industry, their unique features, as well as the advantages of nanoscale ingredients compared to non-nanoscale products. The state-of-the-art practices for physicochemical and toxicological characterization of nanomaterials are also reviewed. Moreover, special focus is given to the current regulations and safety assessments that are currently in place regarding the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics—the new 2019 European guidance for the safety assessment of nanomaterials in cosmetics, together with the new proposed methodologies for the toxicity evaluation of nanomaterials. Concerns over health risks have limited the further incorporation of nanomaterials in cosmetics, and since new nanomaterials may be used in the future by the cosmetic industry, a detailed characterization and risk assessment are needed to fulfill the standard safety requirements.

scholarly journals Micro- and Macroscale Consequences of Interactions between CO2 and Shale Rocks

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Bhuiyan ◽  
Nicolaine Agofack ◽  
Kamila M. Gawel ◽  
Pierre R. Cerasi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In carbon storage activities, and in shale oil and gas extraction (SOGE) with carbon dioxide (CO2) as stimulation fluid, CO2 comes into contact with shale rock and its pore fluid. As a reactive fluid, the injected CO2 displays a large potential to modify the shale’s chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, which need to be well studied and documented. The state of the art on shale–CO2 interactions published in several review articles does not exhaust all aspects of these interactions, such as changes in the mechanical, petrophysical, or petrochemical properties of shales. This review paper presents a characterization of shale rocks and reviews their possible interaction mechanisms with different phases of CO2. The effects of these interactions on petrophysical, chemical and mechanical properties are highlighted. In addition, a novel experimental approach is presented, developed and used by our team to investigate mechanical properties by exposing shale to different saturation fluids under controlled temperatures and pressures, without modifying the test exposure conditions prior to mechanical and acoustic measurements. This paper also underlines the major knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to improve the safety and efficiency of SOGE and CO2 storage.

Methodology of preliminary safety assessments in the site selection procedure in Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Rühaak ◽  
Phillip Kreye ◽  
Eva-Maria Hoyer ◽  
Johanna Wolf ◽  
Florian Panitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Safety Assessments ◽  
High Level ◽  
Geological Formations

<p><span>In Germany, the site selection for a repository for radioactive waste in deep geological formations was (re-) started in 2017 with the Repository Site Selection Act coming into force. The Site Selection Act envisages preliminary safety assessments as a measure to ensure the safety of a considered site.</span></p><p><span>The focus of the presentation will be the methodology of the preliminary safety assessments as it is derived from the legal requirements. In this context, the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety published the draft of the regulation on the safety requirements for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in summer 2019. Article 2 of this regulation contains the requirements for the implementation of preliminary safety assessments in the site selection procedure. One essential aspect is the systematical identification and characterization of uncertainties. We will discuss the key features of the handling of uncertainties in the site selection procedure, especially with regard to numerical reactive transport modelling. The German Site Selection Act is divided into several steps with increasing level of detail. The identification and quantification of uncertainties plays a major role to improve quality and plausibility in each step. Well-prepared explorations for instance, need to be addressed in a way to minimise data uncertainties. In addition, the handling of uncertainties in safety assessments on an international level is evaluated. </span></p>

scholarly journals Characteristics of French Fries and Potato Chips in Aspect of Acrylamide Content—Methods of Reducing the Toxic Compound Content in Ready Potato Snacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3943
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tajner-Czopek ◽  
Agnieszka Kita ◽  
Elżbieta Rytel
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Potato Chips ◽  
French Fries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Toxic Compound ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Methods And Techniques

The reduction of toxic acrylamide content in potato snacks, i.e., French fries and potato chips, is necessary due to the adverse effects of this compound on the human body. Therefore, in the presented review paper, a detailed characterization of French fries and chips in terms of AA content and their organoleptic quality is included. Detailed information was also collected on the raw material and technological factors that affect the formation of acrylamide content, including methods and techniques affecting the reduction of the amount of this compound in potato snacks. The obligation to control the level of acrylamide in various food products (including fried potato snacks with a higher content of this compound), introduced in 2018, has mobilized manufacturers to seek solutions, while scientists conduct further intensive research on the possibility of reducing the level of AA or even eliminating its presence from products. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct such activities, especially, because potato French fries and potato chips are willingly consumed by younger and younger consumers.

scholarly journals EEG Radiotelemetry in Small Laboratory Rodents: A Powerful State-of-the Art Approach in Neuropsychiatric, Neurodegenerative, and Epilepsy Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Lundt ◽  
Carola Wormuth ◽  
Magdalena Elisabeth Siwek ◽  
Ralf Müller ◽  
Dan Ehninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Postoperative Treatment ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Tethered Systems ◽  
Epilepsy Research ◽  
Main Disadvantage

EEG radiotelemetry plays an important role in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases as well as epilepsies providing valuable insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and thereby facilitating the development of new translational approaches. We elaborate on the major advantages of nonrestraining EEG radiotelemetry in contrast to restraining procedures such as tethered systems or jacket systems containing recorders. Whereas a main disadvantage of the latter is their unphysiological, restraining character, telemetric EEG recording overcomes these disadvantages. It allows precise and highly sensitive measurement under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here we present a detailed description of a straightforward successful, quick, and efficient technique for intraperitoneal as well as subcutaneous pouch implantation of a standard radiofrequency transmitter in mice and rats. We further present computerized 3D-stereotaxic placement of both epidural and deep intracerebral electrodes. Preoperative preparation of mice and rats, suitable anaesthesia, and postoperative treatment and pain management are described in detail. A special focus is on fields of application, technical and experimental pitfalls, and technical connections of commercially available radiotelemetry systems with other electrophysiological setups.

Sustainable Development of Cosmetic Products in the Frame of the Laboratory Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Anita Tolnay ◽  
András Koris ◽  
Robert Magda
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Cosmetic Industry ◽  
Laboratory Market

Abstract The main objective of the current study is to highlight sustainable development from the perspective of the cosmetics industry producing ‘eco-friendly’ products. In the last decades an enhancing interest is being experienced towards sustainable development among cosmetics manufacturing companies, scientific research and development (R & D) laboratories as well as green consumers in the need for natural products safer for health and less toxic for the environment. Several international studies show that cosmetic products formulated with natural ingredients developed by cosmetic industry has a higher annual market growth than for synthetic products. R & D puts special focus on new innovative technologies in green cosmetic products to meet the frequently updated requirements of regulations in compliance with the current legislation. Scientific laboratory market has an increasing importance to evaluate natural and organic raw materials. In this work the authors attempt to focus on the growing importance of research activities to sustainable cosmetics production in life cycle assessment methodology. Naturally, the conceptual scope and extent of this study do not permit all the possible issues to be examined from every aspects due to lack of data, thus it will be endeavored to point out merely the most relevant considerations in the field of cosmetic industry.

Intramolecular Proton Transfer in the Isomerization of Hydroxyacetone: A Detailed Characterization Based on Reaction Force Analysis and the Bond Fragility Spectrum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace Derricotte ◽  
Huiet Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Intramolecular Proton Transfer ◽  
Intermediate Energy ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
Activation Energy Barrier ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Proton Transfers ◽  
Reaction Force Constant

The mechanism of isomerization of hydroxyacetone to 2-hydroxypropanal is studied within the framework of reaction force analysis at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Three unique pathways are considered: (i) a step-wise mechanism that proceeds through formation of the Z-isomer of their shared enediol intermediate, (ii) a step-wise mechanism that forms the E-isomer of the enediol, and (iii) a concerted pathway that bypasses the enediol intermediate. Energy calculations show that the concerted pathway has the lowest activation energy barrier at 45.7 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>. The reaction force, chemical potential, and reaction electronic flux are calculated for each reaction to characterize electronic changes throughout the mechanism. The reaction force constant is calculated in order to investigate the synchronous/asynchronous nature of the concerted intramolecular proton transfers involved. Additional characterization of synchronicity is provided by calculating the bond fragility spectrum for each mechanism.

DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF EUROPA'S RIDGE MORPHOLOGY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle A.F. Heitmeier ◽  
◽  
Emily S. Martin ◽  
Jordan M. Bretzfelder ◽  
D. Alex Patthoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Characterization

The Problem of Divine Hiddenness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Rea
Keyword(s):  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Divine Hiddenness ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides a detailed characterization of the various meanings of the term “divine hiddenness,” carefully and rigorously articulates the version of the problem of divine hiddenness that has dominated contemporary philosophical discussion for the past twenty-five years, and then explains the relationship between that problem and the problem of evil.

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