Human Milk Casein and Whey Protein and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Human milk (HM) influences infant feeding patterns and body composition (BC). This small proof-of concept longitudinal study investigated relationships between infant/maternal BC and HM casein, whey and total protein during the first 12 months of lactation. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2 (n = 15), 5 (n = 20), 9 (n = 19), and/or 12 (n = 18) months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Proteins concentrations and 24-h milk intake were measured and calculated daily intakes (CDI) determined. Higher maternal weight, body mass index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and fat mass index were associated with higher concentration of whey protein (p ≤ 0.034, n = 20). There were no associations between infant BC and concentrations of all proteins, and CDI of whey and total protein. Higher CDI of casein were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (p = 0.003, n = 18) and higher fat mass (p < 0.001), fat mass index (p = 0.001, n = 18), and % fat mass (p < 0.001, n = 18) measured with ultrasound skinfolds. These results show a differential effect of HM casein on development of infant BC during the first year of life, suggesting that there is a potential to improve outcome for the infant through interventions, such as continuation of breastfeeding during the first 12 months of life and beyond, which may facilitate favourable developmental programming that could reduce risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.

Download Full-text

Examination of protein intakes at 2-years and weight status and body composition at 5-years in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s002966512000066x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Áine Hennessy ◽

Carol ní Chaoimh ◽

Elaine McCarthy ◽

Deirdre Murray ◽

Mairead Kiely

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Total Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Regression Models ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

Total Protein Intake

AbstractDietary protein is critical for normal growth and development through its contribution of essential amino acids. In high-resource settings, protein intakes are generally adequate. Previous studies have suggested that higher protein intakes in infancy and early childhood are associated with higher body mass index in later childhood.This analysis was performed in a subgroup of 2-year-old children (n = 468) with detailed dietary intake data (2-d weighed food record) participating in an extensively-characterised, prospective birth cohort, the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study (n = 2183). Body weight and height were measured at 2- and 5-years, and indices of body composition (fat mass, fat free mass) were obtained at 5 years in a subgroup of 295 children. Total protein intake was estimated at 2-years and the contribution of animal and plant sources to total protein intake was quantified. Children were split into thirds of protein intake (as % total energy, %TE) and anthropometry and body composition at 5 years was compared across groups. The relationship between protein intake (total and animal sources) and BMI-SDS, fat mass index-SDS and fat free mass index-SDS was explored in multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for common confounders (energy intake, gestational age, duration of breastfeeding, birthweight-SDS, maternal education).Mean (SD) daily protein intake was 41.3 (11.2) g/d, representing 16.1 %TE (girls: 16.2 %TE; boys: 15.9 %TE, P = 0.202) and all children met EFSA average requirement and population reference intake thresholds. Meat (25%), cows’ milk (22%), breads (7%), yoghurt (6%), breakfast cereals (6%) and cheese (5%) were key sources of protein intake in toddlers. The majority of dietary protein intake was from animal sources (69%).Girls with high %TE from protein [mean (SD): 19.7 (2.6) %TE] were significantly heavier and taller at 5 years than their counterparts [low: 13.1 (1.4) %TE; medium: 16.0 (0.7) %TE], and had significantly higher fat free mass, fat free mass index and total body bone area (indicative of body size), but not fat mass. When adjusted for confounders in multivariate regression models, no association was observed between total protein intake and BMI-SDS, fat mass index-SDS or fat free mass index-SDS at 5 years.Children with high animal protein intakes (as %TE) had significantly higher fat free mass than their low and medium group counterparts; however, when adjusted for height and other confounders, no association was observed.Protein intakes in early childhood were associated with larger body size, but not BMI or body composition at 5-years.

Download Full-text

Exclusivity of breastfeeding and body composition: learnings from the Baby-bod study

International Breastfeeding Journal ◽

10.1186/s13006-021-00389-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sisitha Jayasinghe ◽

Manoja P. Herath ◽

Jeffrey M. Beckett ◽

Kiran D. K. Ahuja ◽

Nuala M. Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Medical Intervention ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Singleton Pregnancy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fat Mass Index

Abstract Background This report evaluated the breastfeeding status in a Tasmanian cohort and its effects on infant and maternal anthropometry and body composition. Methods An observational-cohort analysis of self-reported feeding data from 175 Tasmanian mother-baby dyads (recruited via in-person contact between September 2017 and October 2019), was executed. Only mothers who were ≥ 18 years of age, who had a singleton pregnancy and were able to speak and understand English, were included in the study. Infants outside a gestational age range between 37+ 0 and 41+ 6 weeks were excluded. Infant (using Air Displacement Plethysmography) and maternal body composition was assessed at 0, 3 and 6 months. Analysis of variance with relevant statistical corrections were utilised for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between non-exclusively breastfed (neBF) and exclusively breastfed (eBF) groups. Results Fat-free mass was significantly higher [t = 2.27, df = 98, P = 0.03, confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.48] in neBF infants at 6 months (5.59 ± 0.59 vs 5.33 ± 0.50 kg) despite a higher mean fat-free mass in eBF infants at birth (2.89 ± 0.34 vs 3.01 ± 0.35 kg). Weak evidence for different fat mass index trajectories was observed for eBF and neBF infants in the first 6 months of life (ANOVA, F = 2.42, df = 1.9, P = 0.09) with an inversion in fat mass index levels between 3 and 6 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) trajectories were significantly different in eBF and neBF mothers through pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum (ANOVA, F = 5.56, df = 30.14, P = 0.01). Compared with eBF mothers, neBF mothers retained significantly less weight (t = − 2.754, df = 158, P = 0.02, CI -6.64, − 1.09) at 3 months (0.68 ± 11.69 vs 4.55 ± 6.08 kg) postpartum. Prevalence for neBF was incrementally higher in mothers with a normal BMI compared to mothers with obesity, and mothers who underwent surgical or medical intervention during birth were less likely to exclusively breastfeed. Conclusions Infants with different feeding patterns may display varying growth patterns in early life and sustained breastfeeding can contribute to greater postpartum maternal weight loss.

Download Full-text

Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Physical Performance and Body Composition in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10091248 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1248 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jeremy McAdam ◽

Kaitlin McGinnis ◽

Darren Beck ◽

Cody Haun ◽

Matthew Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Cohen’S D ◽

Cohen's D ◽

Initial Entry ◽

Push Up

We investigated the effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation on body composition and physical performance in soldiers participating in Army Initial Entry Training (IET). Sixty-nine, male United States Army soldiers volunteered for supplementation with either twice daily whey protein (WP, 77 g/day protein, ~580 kcal/day; n = 34, age = 19 ± 1 year, height = 173 ± 6 cm, weight = 73.4 ± 12.7 kg) or energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) drinks (CHO, 127 g/day carbohydrate, ~580 kcal/day; n = 35, age = 19 ± 1 year, height = 173 ± 5 cm, weight = 72.3 ± 10.9 kg) for eight weeks during IET. Physical performance was evaluated using the Army Physical Fitness Test during weeks two and eight. Body composition was assessed using 7-site skinfold assessment during weeks one and nine. Post-testing push-up performance averaged 7 repetitions higher in the WP compared to the CHO group (F = 10.1, p < 0.001) when controlling for baseline. There was a significant decrease in fat mass at post-training (F = 4.63, p = 0.04), but no significant change in run performance (F = 3.50, p = 0.065) or fat-free mass (F = 0.70, p = 0.41). Effect sizes for fat-free mass gains were large for both the WP (Cohen’s d = 0.44) and CHO (Cohen’s d = 0.42) groups. WP had a large effect on fat mass (FM) loss (Cohen’s d = −0.67), while CHO had a medium effect (Cohen’s d = −0.40). Twice daily supplementation with WP improved push-up performance and potentiated reductions in fat mass during IET training in comparison to CHO supplementation.

Download Full-text

Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Body Composition of Term Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11071472 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1472 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Zoya Gridneva ◽

Alethea Rea ◽

Wan Jun Tie ◽

Ching Tat Lai ◽

Sambavi Kugananthan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Human Milk ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Term Infant ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Mixed Effects Models ◽

First Year ◽

Term Infants ◽

Total Carbohydrates ◽

Daily Intakes

Human milk (HM) carbohydrates may affect infant appetite regulation, breastfeeding patterns, and body composition (BC). We investigated relationships between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM carbohydrates in first year postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, as well as breastfeeding parameters. BC of dyads (n = 20) was determined at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum using ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Breastfeeding frequency, 24-h milk intake and total carbohydrates (TCH) and lactose were measured to calculate HM oligosaccharides (HMO) concentration and CDI of carbohydrates. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Higher TCH concentrations were associated with greater infant length, weight, fat-free mass (FFM), and FFM index (FFMI), and decreased fat mass (FM), FM index (FMI), %FM and FM/FFM ratio. Higher HMO concentrations were associated with greater infant FFM and FFMI, and decreased FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio. Higher TCH CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio, and decreased infant FFMI. Higher lactose CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM, ratio and decreased FFMI. Concentrations and intakes of HM carbohydrates differentially influence development of infant BC in the first 12 months postpartum, and may potentially influence risk of later obesity via modulation of BC.

Download Full-text

Human Milk Adiponectin and Leptin and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1125 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Zoya Gridneva ◽

Sambavi Kugananthan ◽

Alethea Rea ◽

Ching Lai ◽

Leigh Ward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Human Milk ◽

Term Infant ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

First Year ◽

Feeding Frequency ◽

Critical Window ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Daily Intakes ◽

First Year Of Life

Human milk (HM) adipokines may influence infant feeding patterns, appetite regulation, and body composition (BC). The associations between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM adipokines in the first 12 months postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, and infant breastfeeding parameters were investigated. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). 24-h milk intake and feeding frequency were measured along with whole milk adiponectin and skim and whole milk leptin (SML and WML) and CDI were calculated. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Adipokine concentrations did not associate with infant BC. Higher CDI of adiponectin were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (FFM; p = 0.005) and FFM index (FFMI; p = 0.009) and higher fat mass (FM; p < 0.001), FM index (FMI; p < 0.001), and %FM (p < 0.001). Higher CDI of SML were associated with higher infant FM (p < 0.001), FMI (p < 0.001), and %FM (p = 0.002). At 12 months, higher CDI of WML were associated with larger increases in infant adiposity (2–12 month: FM, p = 0.0006; %FM, p = 0.0004); higher CDI of SML were associated with a larger decrease in FFMI (5–12 months: p = 0.0004). Intakes of HM adipokines differentially influence development of infant BC in the first year of life, which is a critical window of infant programming and may potentially influence risk of later disease via modulation of BC.

Download Full-text

Sex Differences in Association Between Body Composition and Frailty or Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

10.21203/rs.3.rs-69908/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yunsoo Soh ◽

Chang Won Won

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Frailty Index ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

The Relationship

Abstract BackgroundFrailty is a common geriatric condition due to aging, defined as a decrease in the functional reserve to maintain the homeostasis. As part of the aging process, body composition changes occur. This study investigated the relationship between body composition and frailty in a community-dwelling elderly Korean population.MethodsThis cross-sectional cohort study analyzed data of 2,385 elderly participants (aged 70–84 years, 1131 males and 1254 females) of the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study from 2016 to 2017. Body composition, including total and trunk fat masses and fat-free mass, were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) represented total fat mass, trunk fat mass, and fat-free mass according to height. Based on the frailty index developed by Fried, we compared the frail and non-frail groups. Poor physical performance assessed with the short physical performance battery score of <9 is considered frailty. To evaluate the relationship between the variables, simple and fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed according to sex.ResultsAmong the participants, 462 (19.3%) were defined as the frail group, with a significantly high mean age of 77.9±4.0 years. In the logistic regression analysis of frailty based on body mass index (BMI) categories, underweight (BMI<18 kg/m2) participants showed a high incidence of frailty in both sexes. BMI showed an association with frailty only in males. In both sexes, FFMI was associated with a lower incidence of frailty, which was statistically significant in the fully adjusted models. In the female, fat-related indexes including body fat percentage, FMI, and TFMI showed a significant association with poor physical performance. In contrast, males with low FFMI only showed a significant association with poor physical performance.ConclusionsFrailty closely correlated with FFMI in both sexes. The poor physical performance associated with frailty correlated with fat-related body composition in females and fat-free mass in males owing to the difference in body composition between the sexes. In the assessment of frailty, body composition and sex-related differences should be analyzed.

Download Full-text

Identification of and Associations among Low, Middle, and High Body Composition Trajectories from Age 5- to 17-Years

Children ◽

10.3390/children7100192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 192

Author(s):

Teresa A. Marshall ◽

Alexandra M. Curtis ◽

Joseph E. Cavanaugh ◽

John J. Warren ◽

Steven M. Levy

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

X Ray ◽

Body Composition Measure ◽

Dxa Scans

Our objective was to identify sex-specific age 5- to 17-year body composition (body mass index (BMI), % body fat, fat mass index, fat-free mass index) trajectories, compare trajectories assigned using age 5 (AGE5) data to those assigned using all available (ALL) data, and compare BMI assignments to other body composition assignments. Cluster analysis was used to identify low, medium, and high trajectories from body composition measures obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 years in a birth cohort followed longitudinally (n = 469). Moderate agreement was observed for comparisons between AGE5 data and ALL data cluster assignments for each body composition measure. Agreement between cluster assignments for BMI and other body composition measures was stronger using ALL data than using AGE5 data. Our results suggest that BMI, % body fat, fat mass index, and fat free mass index trajectories are established during early childhood, and that BMI is a reasonable predictor of body composition appropriate to track obesity in public health and clinical settings.

Download Full-text

An Increase in Fat Mass Index Predicts a Deterioration of Running Speed

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11030701 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 701 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Laurence Genton ◽

Julie Mareschal ◽

Véronique L. Karsegard ◽

Najate Achamrah ◽

Marta Delsoglio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Running Speed ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

Running Performance

A low fat mass is associated with a good running performance. This study explores whether modifications in body composition predicted changes in running speed. We included people who underwent several measurements of body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis between 1999 and 2016, at the “Course de l’Escalade”, taking place yearly in Geneva. Body composition was reported as a fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI). Running distances (men: 7.2 km; women: 4.8 km) and running times were used to calculate speed in km/h. We performed multivariate linear mixed regression models to determine whether modifications of body mass index, FFMI, FMI or the combination of FFMI and FMI predicted changes in running speed. The study population included 377 women (1419 observations) and 509 men (2161 observations). Changes in running speed were best predicted by the combination of FFMI and FMI. Running speed improved with a reduction of FMI in both sexes (women: ß −0.31; 95% CI −0.35 to −0.27, p < 0.001. men: ß −0.43; 95% CI −0.48 to −0.39, p < 0.001) and a reduction of FFMI in men (ß −0.20; 95% CI −0.26 to −0.15, p < 0.001). Adjusted for body composition, the decline in running performance occurred from 50 years onward, but appeared earlier with a body mass, FFMI or FMI above the median value at baseline. Changes of running speed are determined mostly by changes in FMI. The decline in running performance occurs from 50 years onward but appears earlier in people with a high body mass index, FFMI or FMI at baseline.

Download Full-text

Cord blood leptin and gains in body weight and fat mass during infancy

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-16-0431 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 175 (5) ◽

pp. 403-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Carol ní Chaoimh ◽

Deirdre M Murray ◽

Louise C Kenny ◽

Alan D Irvine ◽

Jonathan O’B Hourihane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Early Life ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Design And Methods

Objectives Low early-life leptin concentrations may promote faster weight gain in infancy. We aimed to examine the associations between cord blood leptin concentrations and changes in weight and body composition during infancy. Design and methods Serum leptin was measured at 15 weeks gestation, in umbilical cord blood collected at delivery and at 2 years in 334 children from the Cork Baseline Birth Cohort Study. Body composition was measured at 2 days and 2 months using air displacement plethysmography. Conditional change in weight standard deviation scores over a number of age intervals in the first 2 years and conditional change in fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) (kg/(length)m2) between birth and 2 months were calculated and associations with cord blood leptin were examined using linear regression. Results At birth, cord blood leptin was positively correlated with FMI (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) and showed a weaker correlation with FFMI (r = 0.12, P = 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, higher cord blood leptin (per ng/mL) was associated with slower conditional weight gain between birth and 2 months (β (95% CI): −0.024 (−0.035, −0.013), P < 0.001) but not over subsequent age intervals. Cord blood leptin was also inversely associated with conditional change in FMI (−0.021 (−0.034, −0.007, P = 0.003) but not FFMI between birth and 2 months. Conclusions These are the first data to show that associations between higher cord blood leptin and slower weight gain during infancy are driven by lower increases in adiposity, at least in early infancy.

Download Full-text

The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged, Untrained Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094837 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4837

Author(s):

Denise Zdzieblik ◽

Patrick Jendricke ◽

Steffen Oesser ◽

Albert Gollhofer ◽

Daniel König

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Leg Strength ◽

Collagen Peptides ◽

Collagen Peptide

It has been shown that specific collagen peptides combined with resistance training (RT) improves body composition and muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men. The main purpose of this RCT study was to investigate the efficacy of the identical specific collagen peptides combined with RT on body composition and muscle strength in middle-aged, untrained men. Furthermore, in the exploratory part of the study, these results were compared with another group that had received whey protein in addition to the RT. Ninety-seven men completed this study and participated in a 12-week RT program. They ingested 15 g of specific collagen peptides (n = 30; CP-G), placebo (n = 31; P-G), or whey protein (n = 36; WP-G) daily. Changes in fat free mass and fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and isometric leg strength was measured. All participants had significantly (p < 0.01) improved levels in fat free mass (ΔCP-G = 3.42 ± 2.54 kg; ΔP-G = 1.83 ± 2.09 kg; ΔWP-G = 2.27 ± 2.56 kg), fat mass (ΔCP-G = −5.28 ± 3.19 kg; ΔP-G = −3.39 ± 3.13 kg; ΔWP-G = −4.08 ± 2.80 kg) and leg strength (ΔCP-G = 163 ± 189 N; ΔP-G = 100 ± 154 N; ΔWP-G = 120 ± 233 N). The main analysis revealed a statistically significantly higher increase in fat free mass (p = 0.010) and decrease in fat mass (p = 0.023) in the CP-G compared with the P-G. The exploratory analysis showed no statistically significant differences between WP-G and CP-G or P-G, regarding changes of fat free mass and fat mass. In conclusion, specific collagen peptide supplementation combined with RT was associated with a significantly greater increase in fat free mass and a decrease in fat mass compared with placebo. RT combined with whey protein also had a positive impact on body composition, but the respective effects were more pronounced following the specific collagen peptide administration.

Download Full-text