scholarly journals An Update on the Effects of Glyceollins on Human Health: Possible Anticancer Effects and Underlying Mechanisms

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thu Ha Pham ◽  
Sylvain Lecomte ◽  
Theo Efstathiou ◽  
Francois Ferriere ◽  
Farzad Pakdel
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Lipid Kinase ◽  
New Family ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Biologically active plant-based compounds, commonly referred to as phytochemicals, can influence the expression and function of various receptors and transcription factors or signaling pathways that play vital roles in cellular functions and are then involved in human health and diseases. Thus, phytochemicals may have a great potential to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Glyceollins, a group of phytoalexins that are isolated from soybeans, have attracted attention because they exert numerous effects on human functions and diseases, notably anticancer effects. In this review, we have presented an update on the effects of glyceollins in relation to their potential beneficial roles in human health. Despite a growing number of studies suggesting that this new family of phytochemicals can be involved in critical cellular pathways, such as estrogen receptor, protein kinase, and lipid kinase signaling pathways, future investigations will be needed to better understand their molecular mechanisms and their specific significance in biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Vitamin E beyond Its Antioxidant Label

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Anca Ungurianu ◽  
Anca Zanfirescu ◽  
Georgiana Nițulescu ◽  
Denisa Margină
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Exciting Potential ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Vitamin E, comprising tocopherols and tocotrienols, is mainly known as an antioxidant. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways linked to inflammation and malignancy modulated by its vitamers. Preclinical reports highlighted a myriad of cellular effects like modulating the synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress response, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, regulating cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, animal-based models have shown that these molecules affect the activity of various enzymes and signaling pathways, such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB, acting as the underlying mechanisms of their reported anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer effects. In clinical settings, not all of these were proven, with reports varying considerably. Nonetheless, vitamin E was shown to improve redox and inflammatory status in healthy, diabetic, and metabolic syndrome subjects. The anti-cancer effects were inconsistent, with both pro- and anti-malignant being reported. Regarding its neuroprotective properties, several studies have shown protective effects suggesting vitamin E as a potential prevention and therapeutic (as adjuvant) tool. However, source and dosage greatly influence the observed effects, with bioavailability seemingly a key factor in obtaining the preferred outcome. We conclude that this group of molecules presents exciting potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases with an inflammatory, redox, or malignant component.

scholarly journals The Anticancer Effects of Paeoniflorin and Its Underlying Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1987640
Author(s):  
Li-Juan Deng ◽  
Yu-He Lei ◽  
Tsz-Fung Chiu ◽  
Ming Qi ◽  
Hua Gan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Antitumor Effect ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Paeoniflorin (PF) is an important pharmacological component of some Chinese traditional herbal formulas, such as Bai Shao, Chi Shao, and Dan Pi, which have been clinically used for centuries. Although many experimental studies have explored a wide range of pharmacological properties of PF, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and prevention of insulin resistance, there is no review to describe these reported effects systematically, especially the antitumor effect and the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the anticancer profiles both in vitro and in vivo of PF. Moreover, we highlight the integrated molecular mechanisms of PF and contemplate its future prospects as a potential anticancer drug.

scholarly journals Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways in Cancer: The Rutin Therapeutic Approach

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Nouri ◽  
Sajad Fakhri ◽  
Keyvan Nouri ◽  
Carly E. Wallace ◽  
Mohammad Hosein Farzaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Multiple dysregulated signaling pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. The conventional therapies used in cancer prevention/treatment suffer from low efficacy, considerable toxicity, and high cost. Hence, the discovery and development of novel multi-targeted agents to attenuate the dysregulated signaling in cancer is of great importance. In recent decades, phytochemicals from dietary and medicinal plants have been successfully introduced as alternative anticancer agents due to their ability to modulate numerous oncogenic and oncosuppressive signaling pathways. Rutin (also known as rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin) is an active plant-derived flavonoid that is widely distributed in various vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants, including asparagus, buckwheat, apricots, apples, cherries, grapes, grapefruit, plums, oranges, and tea. Rutin has been shown to target various inflammatory, apoptotic, autophagic, and angiogenic signaling mediators, including nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins, light chain 3/Beclin, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein, caspases, and vascular endothelial growth factor. A comprehensive and critical analysis of the anticancer potential of rutin and associated molecular targets amongst various cancer types has not been performed previously. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date and critical evaluation of multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the anticancer effects of rutin are known to be exerted. The current challenges and limitations as well as future directions of research are also discussed.

scholarly journals p300 Regulates Liver Functions by Controlling p53 and C/EBP Family Proteins through Multiple Signaling Pathways

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (17) ◽  
pp. 3005-3016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Breaux ◽  
Kyle Lewis ◽  
Leila Valanejad ◽  
Polina Iakova ◽  
Fengju Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Liver Functions ◽  
Initiation Factor 2 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The histone acetyltransferase p300 has been implicated in the regulation of liver biology; however, molecular mechanisms of this regulation are not known. In this paper, we examined these mechanisms using transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative p300 molecule (dnp300). While dnp300 mice did not show abnormal growth within 1 year, these mice have many alterations in liver biology and liver functions. We found that the inhibition of p300 leads to the accumulation of heterochromatin foci in the liver of 2-month-old mice. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis showed that this inhibition of p300 also causes alterations of gene expression in many signaling pathways, including chromatin remodeling, apoptosis, DNA damage, translation, and activation of the cell cycle. Livers of dnp300 mice have a high rate of proliferation and a much higher rate of proliferation after partial hepatectomy. We found that livers of dnp300 mice are resistant to CCl4-mediated injury and have reduced apoptosis but have increased proliferation after injury. Underlying mechanisms of resistance to liver injury and increased proliferation in dnp300 mice include ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of C/EBPα and translational repression of the p53 protein by the CUGBP1-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) repressor complex. Our data demonstrate that p300 regulates a number of critical signaling pathways that control liver functions.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Mast Cell Activation by Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubica Draberova ◽  
Magda Tumova ◽  
Petr Draber
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Pore Formation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Concentration Changes

Mast cells are potent immune sensors of the tissue microenvironment. Within seconds of activation, they release various preformed biologically active products and initiate the process of de novo synthesis of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators. This process is regulated at multiple levels. Besides the extensively studied IgE and IgG receptors, toll-like receptors, MRGPR, and other protein receptor signaling pathways, there is a critical activation pathway based on cholesterol-dependent, pore-forming cytolytic exotoxins produced by Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. This pathway is initiated by binding the exotoxins to the cholesterol-rich membrane, followed by their dimerization, multimerization, pre-pore formation, and pore formation. At low sublytic concentrations, the exotoxins induce mast cell activation, including degranulation, intracellular calcium concentration changes, and transcriptional activation, resulting in production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Higher toxin concentrations lead to cell death. Similar activation events are observed when mast cells are exposed to sublytic concentrations of saponins or some other compounds interfering with the membrane integrity. We review the molecular mechanisms of mast cell activation by pore-forming bacterial exotoxins, and other compounds inducing cholesterol-dependent plasma membrane perturbations. We discuss the importance of these signaling pathways in innate and acquired immunity.

scholarly journals Effect of nerve growth factor on the proliferation in newborn bovine testicular Sertoli cells

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
Qiaoge Niu ◽  
Maosheng Cao ◽  
Chenfeng Yuan ◽  
Yuwen Huang ◽  
Zijiao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
And Function

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been proved to play important roles in male reproductive physiology, but the molecular mechanisms of NGF action remain unclear. In this study, the effects of NGF on the growth of newborn bovine testicular Sertoli (NBS) cells and the related signaling pathways were investigated. The NBS cells were treated in vitro with NGF (100 ng/mL) for 18 h. The expression levels of cell proliferation related genes, INHBB, and cytoplasmic specialization related gene were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot. The roles of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways in NGF-induced cell proliferation were investigated. It was found that NGF regulates proliferation and function of NBS cells via its receptor NTRK1 by activating the PI3K/ATK and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. The study will help to further understand the role of NGF in male reproduction and provide new therapeutic targets for reproductive dysfunctions in male animals.

scholarly journals Microglia in the developing retina

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenge Li ◽  
Danye Jiang ◽  
Melanie A. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Laminar Organization ◽  
Retina Development ◽  
Retinal Microglia ◽  
Mammalian Retina ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuron Function ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMicroglia are increasingly shown to be key players in neuron development and synapse connectivity. However, the underlying mechanisms by which microglia regulate neuron function remain poorly understood in part because such analysis is challenging in the brain where neurons and synapses are intermingled and connectivity is only beginning to be mapped. Here, we discuss the features and function of microglia in the ordered mammalian retina where the laminar organization of neurons and synapses facilitates such molecular studies. We discuss microglia origins and consider the evidence for molecularly distinct microglia subpopulations and their potential for differential roles with a particular focus on the early stages of retina development. We then review the models and methods used for the study of these cells and discuss emerging data that link retina microglia to the genesis and survival of particular retina cell subtypes. We also highlight potential roles for microglia in shaping the development and organization of the vasculature and discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. Such insights may help resolve the mechanisms by which retinal microglia impact visual function and help guide studies of related features in brain development and disease.

scholarly journals Polyamine Homeostasis in Development and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Shima Nakanishi ◽  
John L. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Promote Tumor Growth ◽  
Mammalian Cell Growth ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Polycationic polyamines are present in nearly all living organisms and are essential for mammalian cell growth and survival, and for development. These positively charged molecules are involved in a variety of essential biological processes, yet their underlying mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Several studies have shown both beneficial and detrimental effects of polyamines on human health. In cancer, polyamine metabolism is frequently dysregulated, and elevated polyamines have been shown to promote tumor growth and progression, suggesting that targeting polyamines is an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention. In contrast, polyamines have also been shown to play critical roles in lifespan, cardiac health and in the development and function of the brain. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of mechanisms that control polyamine homeostasis in human health and disease is needed to develop safe and effective strategies for polyamine-targeted therapy.

Overview of Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Herbal Compounds for Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis from Macrophage Linage RAW264.7

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 570-578
Author(s):  
Gaole He ◽  
Rui Ma
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Differentiation from RAW264.7 cells to osteoclasts rely on many signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, MAPK, Akt and others. However, the specific underlying mechanisms are not clear. Recently, much works have focused on the inhibitory effects of plant derived compounds in the differentiation from RAW264.7 to osteoclasts. However, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. In this paper, we summarize a lot of plant derived compounds which exert blocking effect on the progression of differentiation via signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Peiminine Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Inhibiting the NFATc1, ERK, and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengbo Zhu ◽  
Wenbin Xu ◽  
Jiuzhou Jiang ◽  
Yining Wang ◽  
Yanjing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Function

Osteoclasts (OCs) play an important role in osteoporosis, a disease that is mainly characterized by bone loss. In our research, we aimed to identify novel approach for regulating osteoclastogenesis and thereby treating osteoporosis. Previous studies have set a precedent for screening traditional Chinese herbal extracts for effective inhibitors. Peiminine is an alkaloid extracted from the bulb of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq that reportedly has anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, the potential inhibitory effect of peiminine on OC differentiation was investigated via a series of experiments. According to the results, peiminine downregulated the levels of specific genes and proteins in vitro and consequently suppressed OC differentiation and function. Based on these findings, we further investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms and identified the NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways as potential targets of peiminine. In vivo, peiminine alleviated bone loss in an ovariectomized mouse model.

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