The Role of Water Homeostasis in Muscle Function and Frailty: A Review

Water, the main component of the body, is distributed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Water exchange between these compartments is mainly governed by osmotic pressure. Extracellular water osmolarity must remain within very narrow limits to be compatible with life. Older adults lose the thirst sensation and the ability to concentrate urine, and this favours increased extracellular osmolarity (hyperosmotic stress). This situation, in turn, leads to cell dehydration, which has severe consequences for the intracellular protein structure and function and, ultimately, results in cell damage. Moreover, the fact that water determines cell volume may act as a metabolic signal, with cell swelling acting as an anabolic signal and cell shrinkage acting as a catabolic signal. Ageing also leads to a progressive loss in muscle mass and strength. Muscle strength is the main determinant of functional capacity, and, in elderly people, depends more on muscle quality than on muscle quantity (or muscle mass). Intracellular water content in lean mass has been related to muscle strength, functional capacity, and frailty risk, and has been proposed as an indicator of muscle quality and cell hydration. This review aims to assess the role of hyperosmotic stress and cell dehydration on muscle function and frailty.

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Role of Muscle Mass and Muscle Quality in the Association Between Diabetes and Gait Speed

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc11-2202 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 1672-1679 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

S. Volpato ◽

L. Bianchi ◽

F. Lauretani ◽

S. Bandinelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Mass ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Muscle Quality

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The role of myokines in the development of insulin resistance in children, with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Ukrainian Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology ◽

10.30978/ujpe2021-2-19 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 19-26

Author(s):

O. Ye. Pashkova ◽

N. I. Chudova ◽

O. S. Litvinenko

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Control Group

The aim — to study the role of myokines in the development of insulin resistance in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods. Observations involved 68 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM 1), with the mean age 11 to 17 years. Depending on the glycemic controllevel, patients were divided into 3 research groups. The control group consisted of 20 relatively healthy children. Muscle mass, the skeletal muscles index, fat mass and the percentage of fat in the bodywere determined in all patients. The Lovett’s test was used to assess the loss of muscle strength; evaluation of insulin resistance was made based onthe triglycerideglucose index (TYG). Levels of myostatin, irisin, interleukins 6 and 13were measured in blood serum.Results and discussion. It has been established that with deterioration in the level of glycemic controlin DM 1 children, the component redistribution of body composition took place with an increased fat mass proportionand decreased muscle mass. This resulted in the reduced insulin-mediatedabsorption of glucose, that was confirmed by the significant increase in TYG level compared to control group. The analysis of cytokines in the blood serum showed a significant increase in the level of myostatin and interleukin6 compared with the control group and the tendency to increased levels of the interleukins 13 and the level of irisin in the blood serum in pediatric patients with DM 1. The increased levels of myostatin in DM 1childrenassociated with an increase in the triglycerides content (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) and raised TYG index (r = 0.33, p < 0.05), testifying theclose correlation between the high myostatin levels and the development of insulin resistance.Conclusions. In children with diabetes mellitus, the reduction of muscle strength and muscle mass take place with a deterioration in the state of glycemic control, accompanying by the development of insulin resistance. The violation of myokines synthesis,along with the chronic hyperglycemia and diabetic myopathy, plays the leading role in the formation of insulin resistance in pediatric patients with DM 1. It is manifested by the increased production of myostatin and interleukin6 in the absence of activation of irisin and interleukin13synthesis.

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Exploring the Role of Muscle Mass, Obesity, and Age in the Relationship Between Muscle Quality and Physical Function

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association ◽

10.1016/j.jamda.2013.12.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 303.e13-303.e20 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Sébastien Barbat-Artigas ◽

Charlotte H. Pion ◽

Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet ◽

Yves Rolland ◽

Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre

Keyword(s):

Physical Function ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

The Relationship

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Intracellular Water Content in Lean Mass as an Indicator of Muscle Quality in an Older Obese Population

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9051580 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1580

Author(s):

Mateu Serra-Prat ◽

Isabel Lorenzo ◽

Mònica Papiol ◽

Elisabet Palomera ◽

Maria Bartolomé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Water Content ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Intracellular Water ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: In aged populations, muscle strength depends more on muscle quality than on muscle quantity, while all three are criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Intracellular water content (ICW) in lean mass (LM) has been proposed as an indicator of muscle quality related to muscle strength in older people. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the ICW/LM ratio, muscle strength and indicators of functional performance in obese older adults, and to assess the value of the ICW/LM ratio as an indicator of muscle quality. Methodology: Design: cross-sectional study. Population: persons aged 65–75 years with a body mass index of 30–39 kg/m2. ICW and LM were estimated by bioelectrical impedance. Hand grip, gait speed, unipedal stance test, timed up-and-go (TUG) test, Barthel score and frailty (Fried criteria) were assessed. Sarcopenia was established according to EWGSOP2 criteria. Results: Recruited were 305 subjects (66% women), mean age 68 years. The ICW/LM ratio correlated with the TUG test, gait speed and grip strength, and was also associated with sex, the unipedal stance test and frailty. Independently of age, sex and muscle mass, the ICW/LM ratio was related with gait speed, the TUG test and unipedal stance capacity. One person (0.3%) had sarcopenia defined as low muscle strength and low muscle mass, while 25 people (8.2%) had sarcopenia defined as low muscle strength and poor muscle quality (ICW/LM). With this last definition, sarcopenia was related to frailty, gait speed and the TUG test. Conclusions: ICW content in LM could be a useful muscle quality indicator for defining sarcopenia. However, more studies are required to confirm our findings for other populations.

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The Role of Muscle Mass, Muscle Quality, and Body Composition in Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome and Functional Decline in Older Adults

Current Geriatrics Reports ◽

10.1007/s13670-015-0132-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 221-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Robert T. Mankowski ◽

Stephen D. Anton ◽

Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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It is not just muscle mass: a review of muscle quality, composition and metabolism during ageing as determinants of muscle function and mobility in later life

Longevity & Healthspan ◽

10.1186/2046-2395-3-9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

Robin A McGregor ◽

David Cameron-Smith ◽

Sally D Poppitt

Keyword(s):

Muscle Mass ◽

Muscle Function ◽

Later Life ◽

Muscle Quality

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Relación entre la masa muscular, la densidad mineral ósea, la fuerza muscular, la aptitud funcional y la calidad muscular en personas mayores = Relationship between muscle mass, bone mineral density, muscle strength, functional fitness and muscle quality in older people

10.18002/10612/4617 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Fredy Alonso Patiño Villada

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Older People ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Functional Fitness ◽

Mineral Density

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Comparison of methods to identify individuals with obesity at increased risk of functional impairment among a population of home-dwelling older adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521004128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Anne Lene Nordengen ◽

Linn Kristin Lie Øyri ◽

Stine Marie Ulven ◽

Truls Raastad ◽

Kirsten Bjørklund Holven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Obese Women ◽

Total Body Mass ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Total Body

Abstract Obesity is associated with increased muscle mass and muscle strength. Methods taking into account the total body mass to reveal obese older individuals at increased risk of functional impairment are needed. Therefore, we aimed to detect methods to identify obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Home-dwelling older adults (n 417, ≥ 70 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. Sex-specific cut-off points for two obesity phenotypes (waist circumference (WC) and body fat mass (FM %)) were used to divide women and men into obese and non-obese groups, and within-sex comparisons were performed. Obese women and men, classified by both phenotypes, had similar absolute handgrip strength (HGS) but lower relative HGS (HGS/total body mass) (P < 0·001) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Women with increased WC and FM %, and men with increased WC had higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass (P < 0·001), lower muscle quality (HGS/upper appendicular muscle mass) (P < 0·001), and spent longer time on the stair climb test and the repeated sit-to-stand test (P < 0·05) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Absolute muscle strength was not able to discriminate between obese and non-obese older adults. However, relative muscle strength in particular, but also muscle quality and physical performance tests, where the total body mass was taken into account or served as an extra load, identified obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Prospective studies are needed to determine clinically relevant cut-off points for relative HGS in particular.

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Assessment of Muscle Quality and Quantity for the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia Using Mid-Thigh Computed Tomography : A Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-64471/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hiroki Oba ◽

Yasumoto Matsui ◽

Hidenori Arai ◽

Tsuyoshi Watanabe ◽

Hiroki Iida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Motor Function ◽

Mass Measurement ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Mass ◽

Low Mass

Abstract BackgroundPreviously, sarcopenia was diagnosed based on walking speed, grip strength, and muscle mass. However, recent consensus has proposed a concern regarding the use of muscle mass measurement for sarcopenia diagnosis due to lack of accuracy; therefore, new assessment methods in clinical practice are required. We compared computed tomography (CT) with various motor function tests to determine the validity of CT as a potential diagnostic method for sarcopenia.MethodsIn total, 214 patients who were examined at our center during the study period (2016–2017) were included in the study. Single-slice CT scan of the mid-thigh region was performed, from which cross-sectional area (CSA) and CT attenuation value (CTV) of quadriceps femoris were evaluated for each subject. Other assessments included skeletal mass index, muscle strength and physical performance. Furthermore, subjects were classified into four groups: normal, low muscle mass (low mass), poor muscle function/strength (poor function), and sarcopenia.ResultsCSA and muscle strength exhibited the strongest correlation. Some physical performance tests showed the strongest correlation with CTV. CSA was significantly reduced both in men and women with low mass and sarcopenia group (p < 0.01), whereas CTV was significantly lower in men with sarcopenia group and in women with poor function and sarcopenia group (p < 0.01).ConclusionsCSA mostly reflects muscle strength, whereas CTV mostly reflects physical performance. CT with measurements of CSA and CTV enables the evaluation of muscle mass and quality simultaneously. Thus, CT is thought to be useful for the assessment of motor function and diagnosis of sarcopenia.

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