scholarly journals Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075
Author(s):  
Andreas M. Kasper ◽  
Carl Langan-Evans ◽  
James F. Hudson ◽  
Thomas E. Brownlee ◽  
Liam D. Harper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Ultra Sound ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Routine Practice

Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often based upon convenience rather than understanding the method and its limitations. The aim of this manuscript was threefold: (1) provide an overview of the common methodologies used within sport to measure body composition, specifically hydro-densitometry, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy, ultra-sound, three-dimensional scanning, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness; (2) compare the efficacy of what are widely believed to be the most accurate (DXA) and practical (skinfold thickness) assessment tools and (3) provide a framework to help select the most appropriate assessment in applied sports practice including insights from the authors’ experiences working in elite sport. Traditionally, skinfold thickness has been the most popular method of body composition but the use of DXA has increased in recent years, with a wide held belief that it is the criterion standard. When bone mineral content needs to be assessed, and/or when it is necessary to take limb-specific estimations of fat and fat-free mass, then DXA appears to be the preferred method, although it is crucial to be aware of the logistical constraints required to produce reliable data, including controlling food intake, prior exercise and hydration status. However, given the need for simplicity and after considering the evidence across all assessment methods, skinfolds appear to be the least affected by day-to-day variability, leading to the conclusion ‘come back skinfolds, all is forgiven’.

scholarly journals Comparison of body composition methods in overweight and obese Brazilian women

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Bender Braulio ◽  
Valéria Cristina Soares Furtado ◽  
Maria das Graças Silveira ◽  
Maria Helena Fonseca ◽  
José Egídio Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Women Subjects ◽  
Absolute Agreement

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare skinfold thickness (SKF) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of body composition using three different equations against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in overweight and obese Brazilian women. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thirty-four women (age 43.8 ± 10.9 years; body mass index [BMI] 32.1 ± 4.3 kg/m²) had percentage body fat (BF%), fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) estimated by DXA, SKF and BIA (BIA-man: manufacturer's equation; and predictive obesity-specific equations of Segal and of Gray). Regression analysis, Bland-Altman plot analysis and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to compare methods. RESULTS: Absolute agreement between DXA and BIA-man was poor for all measures of body composition (BF% -6.8% ± 3.7%, FM -3.1 ± 3.6 kg, FFM 5.7 ± 2.8 kg). BIA-Segal equation showed good absolute agreement with DXA for BF% (1.5% ± 1.5%), FM (1.0 ± 3.2 kg) and FFM (1.5 ± 2.6 kg), albeit the limits of agreement were wide. BIA-Gray equation showed good absolute agreement with DXA for FM (2.3 ± 4.1 kg), and smaller biases for BF% (0.05% ± 4.4%) and FFM (0.2 ± 2.9 kg), although wide limits of agreement. BIA-Gray and DXA showed the highest ICC among the pairs of methods. A good absolute agreement was observed between DXA and SKF for BF% (-2.3% ± 5.8%), FM (0.09 ± 4.7 kg), and FFM (2.4 ± 4.4 kg), although limits of agreement were wider and ICC between DXA and SKF for BF% indicated poor degree of reproducibility. CONCLUSION: These findings show that both BIA-Segal and BIA-Gray equations are suitable for BF%, FM and FFM estimations in overweight and obese women.

scholarly journals Utility of published skinfold thickness equations for prediction of body composition in very young New Zealand children

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Sharin Asadi ◽  
Frank H. Bloomfield ◽  
Tanith Alexander ◽  
Chris J. D. McKinlay ◽  
Elaine C. Rush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography

AbstractMeasurement of body composition is increasingly important in research and clinical settings but is difficult in very young children. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) are well-established but require specialist equipment so are not always feasible. Our aim was to determine if anthropometry and skinfold thickness measurements can be used as a substitute for BIA or ADP for assessing body composition in very young New Zealand children. We used three multi-ethnic cohorts: 217 children at a mean age of 24·2 months with skinfold and BIA measurements; seventy-nine infants at a mean age of 20·9 weeks and seventy-three infants at a mean age of 16·2 weeks, both with skinfold and ADP measurements. We used Bland–Altman plots to compare fat and fat-free mass calculated using all potentially relevant equations with measurements using BIA or ADP. We also calculated the proportion of children in the same tertile for measured fat or fat-free mass and tertiles (i) calculated using each equation, (ii) each absolute skinfold, and (iii) sum of skinfold thicknesses. We found that even for the best equation for each cohort, the 95 % limits of agreement with standard measures were wide (25–200 % of the mean) and the proportion of children whose standard measures fell in the same tertile as the skinfold estimates was ≤69 %. We conclude that none of the available published skinfold thickness equations provides good prediction of body composition in multi-ethnic cohorts of very young New Zealand children with different birth history and growth patterns.

scholarly journals A specific bioelectrical impedance equation to predict body composition in Turner's syndrome

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis D. Guedes ◽  
Bianca Bianco ◽  
Mônica V. N. Lipay ◽  
Emmanuela Q. Callou ◽  
Marise L. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Great Consistency ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Specific Equation ◽  
Standard Error Estimate

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes for Turner syndrome (TS) mortality and the evaluation of its risk factors such as excess body fat and its distribution is considered one of the major aspects of the adult patient care. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a specific bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equation to predict body composition in TS patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical and anthropometric data, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for total fat-free mass (FFM) and BIA for resistance and reactance were obtained from 50 adult TS patients. Linear regression analysis was performed with multiple clinical and BIA data to obtain a predicting equation. RESULTS: The equation developed to estimate FFM in adult TS patients showed great consistency with DXA, elevated correlation (r = 0. 974) and determination (r² = 0. 948) coefficients and an adequate standard error estimate (SEE = 1.52 kg). CONCLUSIONS: The specific equation developed here allowed making an adequate FFM estimate in adult TS patients.

Effect of age on body composition and resting metabolic rate

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. E233-E238 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Fukagawa ◽  
L. G. Bandini ◽  
J. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Old Men

The relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was compared in young men (n = 24; age 18-33 yr), old men (n = 24; 69-89 yr), and old women (n = 20; 67-75 yr). Body composition was assessed using anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and isotope dilution with 18O-labeled water. RMR was measured at least twice using an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system with a ventilated hood. The results indicate that the different methods for assessing body composition vary substantially and should not be used interchangeably. Anthropometry was not adequate to assess group differences in body fatness, although skinfold measures may be appropriate for within-group comparisons. BIA correlated well with the isotope-dilution technique and may be a useful measure of FFM. Finally, RMR was lower in the old men than the young (1.04 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.03 kcal/min, P less than 0.001) and remained lower even when adjusted for FFM estimated by isotope dilution (P less than 0.001). RMR in the women was also lower (0.84 +/- 0.02 kcal/min), but in contrast to the difference between young and old men, RMR adjusted for FFM did not differ (P = 0.16) between old men and women. Therefore, it is clear that differences in FFM cannot fully account for the lower RMR in the old, suggesting that aging is associated with an alteration in tissue energy metabolism.

scholarly journals 2544

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
Hayley Billingsley ◽  
Salvatore Carbone ◽  
Justin M. Canada ◽  
Leo Buckley ◽  
Dave L. Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Rank Test

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States characterized by fat accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Higher amounts of fat-free mass (FFM) and lower amounts of fat mass (FM) have been associated with better outcomes in several chronic diseases, recently also in NASH. Body composition is highly influenced by diet. However, the role of diet on body composition in patients with NASH is largely unknown. We hypothesized that consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), healthy fatty acids mainly found in fish, nuts, and some vegetable oils, is associated with improved body composition, specifically greater FFM and lower FM, in NASH patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 13 patients with histologically confirmed NASH underwent body composition testing via bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate FFM% (% of body weight), FM% (% of body weight), and FFM/FM ratio. PUFA and saturated fat consumption was determined by standardized 5-pass 24-hour dietary recall. Correlations were computed using the Spearman rank test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Median body mass index (BMI) was 35.7 kg/m2 (32.8–42.7), median age of the sample was 50 years (46.3–57.3), and 73% were female. Median percent of calories from polyunsaturated fat was 6.8% (5.4–9.6). Percent of calories from PUFA was positively and significantly associated with greater FFM% (R=0.56, p=0.049), lower FM% (R=−0.59, p=0.035), and greater FFM/FM ratio (R=0.58, p=0.037). Additionally, a higher PUFA to saturated fatty acids ratio was also significantly correlated with greater FFM% (R=0.58, p=0.039), lower FM% (R=−0.64, p=0.020), and greater FFM/FM ratio (R=0.57, p=0.043). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In patients with NASH, the consumption of PUFA is associated with higher FFM and lower FM, which suggests a protective role of these nutrients on body composition. A larger study on patients with NASH is warranted to confirm our findings on PUFA consumption and body composition, as well as to determine whether these effects will improve clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis-based equations for estimation of body composition in postpartum rural Bangladeshi women

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saijuddin Shaikh ◽  
Kerry J. Schulze ◽  
Anura Kurpad ◽  
Hasmot Ali ◽  
Abu Ahmed Shamim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Rural South

Equations for predicting body composition from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters are age-, sex- and population-specific. Currently there are no equations applicable to women of reproductive age in rural South Asia. Hence, we developed equations for estimating total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass in rural Bangladeshi women using BIA, with 2H2O dilution as the criterion method. Women of reproductive age, participating in a community-based placebo-controlled trial of vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation, were enrolled at 19·7 (sd 9·3) weeks postpartum in a study to measure body composition by 2H2O dilution and impedance at 50 kHz using multi-frequency BIA (n 147), and resistance at 50 kHz using single-frequency BIA (n 82). TBW (kg) by 2H2O dilution was used to derive prediction equations for body composition from BIA measures. The prediction equation was applied to resistance measures obtained at 13 weeks postpartum in a larger population of postpartum women (n 1020). TBW, FFM and fat were 22·6 (sd 2·7), 30·9 (sd 3·7) and 10·2 (sd 3·8) kg by 2H2O dilution. Height2/impedance or height2/resistance and weight provided the best estimate of TBW, with adjusted R2 0·78 and 0·76, and with paired absolute differences in TBW of 0·02 (sd 1·33) and 0·00 (sd 1·28) kg, respectively, between BIA and 2H2O. In the larger sample, values for TBW, FFM and fat were 23·8, 32·5 and 10·3 kg, respectively. BIA can be an important tool for assessing body composition in women of reproductive age in rural South Asia where poor maternal nutrition is common.

scholarly journals Pre- and Postoperative Body Composition and Metabolic Characteristics in Patients with Acromegaly: A Prospective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Guo ◽  
Lu Gao ◽  
Xiaodong Shi ◽  
Hailong Li ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
A Prospective Study

Objective. To investigate the preoperative body composition, metabolic characteristics, and postoperative changes in patients with active acromegaly and analyze the effects of gender and age. Methods. We included 36 patients with untreated acromegaly and 37 patients with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Adipose tissue (AT), the visceral fat index (VFI), sclerotin, protein, skeletal muscle, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolism (BM) were measured with a cardiopulmonary and metabolic analyzer (CMA). Tricep skinfold thickness (TST), bicep circumference, waistline, hipline, and calf circumference were measured with a skinfold caliper and tape. These indices were measured before surgery and 3 months and 1 year after surgery. Results. Overall, AT, VFI, and TST were lower, whereas sclerotin, protein, skeletal muscle, TBW, ICW, ECW, TEE, and BM were higher in acromegaly patients. Postoperatively, TST rose initially and then decreased, the waistline increased, and sclerotin, skeletal muscle, TEE, and BM decreased. Changes in these indices differed with gender and age in unique patterns. Conclusions. Body composition and metabolism in acromegaly patients changed after surgery, and gender and age influenced these changes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Body Composition in Hemodialysis Thai Patients: Comparison between Two Models of Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulapong Jayanama ◽  
Supanee Putadechakun ◽  
Praopilad Srisuwarn ◽  
Sakda Arj-Ong Vallibhakara ◽  
Prapimporn Chattranukulchai Shantavasinkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inbody 720

Background. Body composition measurement is very important for early nutritional care in hemodialysis patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a gold standard test, but clinically limited. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with multifrequency technique is a practical and reliable tool. Objective. This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare the agreement of BIA with DXA in measurement of body composition in hemodialysis patients and to evaluate their associated factors. Methods. Body composition was measured by 2 BIA methods (InBody S10 and InBody 720) and DXA after a hemodialysis session. A total of 69 measurements were included. Pearson’s correlation and Bland and Altman analysis were used to determine the correlation of body composition between methods and to compare the methods agreement, respectively. Results. The correlation coefficients of body compositions were strong between DXA and InBody S10 (fat mass index (FMI): r=0.95, fat-free mass index (FFMI): r=0.78) and also between DXA and InBody 720 (FMI: r=0.96, FFMI: r=0.81). Comparing to DXA, the means of each body composition measured by InBody S10 method were not significantly different in each gender, but differences were found in FM, %FM, and FMI measured by InBody 720. Conclusions. In maintenance hemodialysis patients, the measurement of body composition with DXA and both BIA methods had highly significant correlations; practically, BIA method could be used as an instrument to follow FM and FFM and to measure the edematous stage. Further studies with large populations are warranted.

scholarly journals Obesity and Body Composition in Preschool Children with Different Levels of Actigraphy-Derived Physical Activity—A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Piotr Matłosz ◽  
Agnieszka Szybisty ◽  
Paweł Lenik ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Steps Per Day

Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess body composition among preschool children differentiated according to their levels of PA and to assess whether meeting the current PA recommendations is associated with a lower risk of obesity, determined by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). Free-living PA was measured using accelerometers for 7 days in children aged 5 to 6 years. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition. Significant differences in content of BFP, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) were found between boys meeting and not meeting moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations. Meeting the MVPA recommendation was associated with a twofold lower risk of obesity determined by BFP in boys but not in girls. In contrast, the total number of recommended steps per day was not related to adiposity in boys or girls. No statistically significant differences were observed in body composition indices and quintiles of MVPA. Boys in the 3rd–5th quintiles of steps per day presented significantly lower BFP and higher muscle mass and TBW than their peers in quintile 1. However, different associations were observed between body composition indices and quintiles of PA.

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