scholarly journals A Review of Topical and Systemic Vitamin Supplementation in Ocular Surface Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1998
Author(s):  
Paolo Fogagnolo ◽  
Stefano De Cilla’ ◽  
Micol Alkabes ◽  
Pierfilippo Sabella ◽  
Luca Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Correct Function

In the homeostasis of the ocular surface, vitamins play a critical role in regulating inflammatory responses and promoting cell differentiation, development and correct function. Systemic vitamin supplementation has been available for many decades; in recent years, thanks to pharmacological advancements, topical vitamin delivery has also become available in an attempt to better treat ocular surface disease (OSD) and dry eye disease (DED). In this paper, we reviewed the current evidence on the role of vitamin supplementation in OSD and DED. We originally searched the PubMed archive, inspected the references and restricted the search to pertinent papers. The body of evidence was evaluated using the amelioration of both signs and symptoms as the outcome, when available. We found that in patients with vitamin deficiency, systemic supplementation of Vitamin A is effective in treating OSD, reducing both DED signs and symptoms. Additionally, systemic supplementation of vitamin D is useful in reducing DED symptoms and increasing tear volume. Vitamin A is also effective in reducing DED signs and symptoms when administered locally. The efficacy of supplementation with other vitamins is still not fully proven. In conclusion, the inclusion of vitamins into the treatment strategies for OSD and DED allows for better treatment customization and better outcomes in these patients.

Ophthalmologic evaluation in vitamin-E deficiency: A case report

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212097011
Author(s):  
Daniele Sindaco ◽  
Francesca Cappelli ◽  
Aldo Vagge ◽  
Carlo E Traverso ◽  
Michele Iester
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Malabsorption Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Past Medical History ◽  
Oral Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin E Deficiency ◽  
The Past

A 41-year-old woman has come to our attention complaining of decreased visual acuity and monocular diplopia associated with upper and lower limb hypoesthesia. Malabsorption syndrome with vitamin A and E deficiency developed after a bariatric biliopancreatic diversion. The clinical ophthalmological signs and symptoms improved after oral vitamin supplementation therapy. The past medical history is essential in the case of a patient complaining of visual symptoms compatible with vitamin deficiency in order to detect the cause and to start a prompt therapy to avoid irreversible neurological and visual sequelae. The clinical features of our case closely resemble other cases described in the literature of patients affected by vitamin A and E deficiency secondary to malabsorption syndrome.

scholarly journals Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyi Huang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Guangying Qi ◽  
David Brand ◽  
Song Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
The Relationship

Vitamin A (VitA) is a micronutrient that is crucial for maintaining vision, promoting growth and development, and protecting epithelium and mucus integrity in the body. VitA is known as an anti-inflammation vitamin because of its critical role in enhancing immune function. VitA is involved in the development of the immune system and plays regulatory roles in cellular immune responses and humoral immune processes. VitA has demonstrated a therapeutic effect in the treatment of various infectious diseases. To better understand the relationship between nutrition and the immune system, the authors review recent literature about VitA in immunity research and briefly introduce the clinical application of VitA in the treatment of several infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Morphological and Functional Changes of Corneal Nerves and Their Contribution to Peripheral and Central Sensory Abnormalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Guerrero-Moreno ◽  
Christophe Baudouin ◽  
Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz ◽  
Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Sensory Abnormalities ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Neuroimmune Interactions ◽  
Corneal Nerves ◽  
Corneal Nerve

The cornea is the most densely innervated and sensitive tissue in the body. The cornea is exclusively innervated by C- and A-delta fibers, including mechano-nociceptors that are triggered by noxious mechanical stimulation, polymodal nociceptors that are excited by mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli, and cold thermoreceptors that are activated by cooling. Noxious stimulations activate corneal nociceptors whose cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and project central axons to the trigeminal brainstem sensory complex. Ocular pain, in particular, that driven by corneal nerves, is considered to be a core symptom of inflammatory and traumatic disorders of the ocular surface. Ocular surface injury affecting corneal nerves and leading to inflammatory responses can occur under multiple pathological conditions, such as chemical burn, persistent dry eye, and corneal neuropathic pain as well as after some ophthalmological surgical interventions such as photorefractive surgery. This review depicts the morphological and functional changes of corneal nerve terminals following corneal damage and dry eye disease (DED), both ocular surface conditions leading to sensory abnormalities. In addition, the recent fundamental and clinical findings of the importance of peripheral and central neuroimmune interactions in the development of corneal hypersensitivity are discussed. Next, the cellular and molecular changes of corneal neurons in the TG and central structures that are driven by corneal nerve abnormalities are presented. A better understanding of the corneal nerve abnormalities as well as neuroimmune interactions may contribute to the identification of a novel therapeutic targets for alleviating corneal pain.

scholarly journals p38 MAPK Signaling in Pemphigus: Implications for Skin Autoimmunity

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Mavropoulos ◽  
Timoklia Orfanidou ◽  
Christos Liaskos ◽  
Daniel S. Smyk ◽  
Vassiliki Spyrou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pemphigus Vulgaris ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Pemphigus Foliaceus ◽  
P38 Mapk Inhibitors ◽  
Mapk Inhibitors

p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling plays a major role in the modulation of immune-mediated inflammatory responses and therefore has been linked with several autoimmune diseases. The extent of the involvement of p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases has started to emerge, but whether it pays a critical role is a matter of debate. The activity of p38 MAPK has been studied in great detail during the loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesions and the development of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF). These diseases are characterised by autoantibodies targeting desmogleins (Dsg). Whether autoantibody-antigen interactions can trigger signaling pathways (such as p38 MAPK) that are tightly linked to the secretion of inflammatory mediators which may perpetuate inflammation and tissue damage in pemphigus remains unclear. Yet, the ability of p38 MAPK inhibitors to block activation of the proapoptotic proteinase caspase-3 suggests that the induction of apoptosis may be a consequence of p38 MAPK activation during acantholysis in PV. This review discusses the current evidence for the role of p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of pemphigus. We will also present data relating to the targeting of these cascades as a means of therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Endothelium as target for large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel openers.

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Wrzosek
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Potassium Channels ◽  
Potassium Channel ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Ca Channels ◽  
Calcium Activated Potassium Channels

The endothelium is a highly active organ responsible for vasculatory tone and structure, angiogenesis, as well as hemodynamic, humoral, and inflammatory responses. The endothelium is constantly exposed to blood flow, sheer stress and tension. Endothelial cells are present as a vasculature in every tissue of the body and react to and control its microenvironment. A variety of ion channels are present in the plasma membranes of endothelial cells. These include potassium channels such as inwardly rectifying potassium (K(ir)) channels, voltage-dependent (K(v)) channels, ATP-regulated potassium (K(ATP)) channels and three types of calcium-activated potassium channels (K(Ca)), the large (BK(Ca)), intermediate (IK(Ca)), and small (SK(Ca)) -conductance potassium channels. Potassium current plays a critical role in action potentials in excitable cells, in setting the resting membrane potential, and in regulating neurotransmitter release. Mitochondrial isoforms of potassium channel contribute to the cytoprotection of endothelial cells. Prominent among potassium channels are families of calcium-activated potassium channels, and especially large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. The modulation of BK(Ca) channels, which are voltage- and calcium-dependent, has been intensively studied. The BK(Ca) channels show large expression dynamics in endothelial cells and tissue-specific expression of large numbers of alternatively spliced isoforms. In this review, a few examples of the modulatory mechanisms and physiological consequences of the expression of BK(Ca) channels are discussed in relation to potential targets for pharmacological intervention.

scholarly journals Current Evidence on the Ocular Surface Microbiota and Related Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Petrillo ◽  
Danilo Pignataro ◽  
Maria Annunziata Lavano ◽  
Biagio Santella ◽  
Veronica Folliero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Ophthalmic Diseases ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The ocular surface microbiota refers to the resident non-pathogenic microorganisms that colonize conjunctiva and cornea. Several studies have shown that ocular surface epithelial cells can respond selectively to specific components of ocular pathogenic bacteria by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, they do not respond to non-pathogenic bacteria, thus supporting the colonization by a real microbiota. However, the analysis of the ocular microbiome composition is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of various ophthalmic diseases. In this scenario, the first studies, which used microbiological culture techniques, reported a less diverse profile of the ocular microbiota compared with that recently discovered using new molecular-based methods. Indeed, until a few years ago, the microbiota of the ocular surface appeared to be dominated by Gram-positive and a few Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungal strains. In contrast, genomics has nowadays detected a remarkable diversity in the ocular surface microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the microbiota of other areas of the body, such as the gut and oral microbiota, are involved in the pathophysiology of several ophthalmic diseases. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current evidence on the ocular surface microbiota to better understand it and to investigate its potential role in the development of ophthalmic diseases.

Research Recommendations for Applying Vitamin A-Labelled Isotope Dilution Techniques to Improve Human Vitamin A Nutrition

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad ◽  
Janet R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Total Body

The current use of serum retinol concentrations as a measurement of subclinical vitamin A deficiency is unsatisfactory for many reasons. The best technique available for vitamin A status assessment in humans is the measurement of total body pool size. Pool size is measured by the administration of retinol labelled with stable isotopes of carbon or hydrogen that are safe for human subjects, with subsequent measurement of the dilution of the labelled retinol within the body pool. However, the isotope techniques are time-consuming, technically challenging, and relatively expensive. There is also a need to assess different types of tracers and doses, and to establish clear guidelines for the use and interpretation of this method in different populations. Field-friendly improvements are desirable to encourage the application of this technique in developing countries where the need is greatest for monitoring the risk of vitamin A deficiency, the effectiveness of public health interventions, and the potential of hypervitaminosis due to combined supplement and fortification programs. These techniques should be applied to validate other less technical methods of assessing vitamin A deficiency. Another area of public health relevance for this technique is to understand the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, and its relation to existing vitamin A status, for future dietary diversification programs.

Influence of zeolite and shungite on the content of vitamin A in the body of broiler chickens for mycotoxicosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
S.A. Tanaseva ◽  
◽  
О.K. Ermolaeva ◽  
L.E. Matrosova ◽  
A.Z. Mukharlyamov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Body

Updating long-held assumptions about fat stigma: For women, body shape plays a critical role

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Krems ◽  
Steven L. Neuberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Obesity Stigma ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Fat Stigma

Heavier bodies—particularly female bodies—are stigmatized. Such fat stigma is pervasive, painful to experience, and may even facilitate weight gain, thereby perpetuating the obesity-stigma cycle. Leveraging research on functionally distinct forms of fat (deposited on different parts of the body), we propose that body shape plays an important but largely underappreciated role in fat stigma, above and beyond fat amount. Across three samples varying in participant ethnicity (White and Black Americans) and nation (U.S., India), patterns of fat stigma reveal that, as hypothesized, participants differently stigmatized equally-overweight or -obese female targets as a function of target shape, sometimes even more strongly stigmatizing targets with less rather than more body mass. Such findings suggest value in updating our understanding of fat stigma to include body shape and in querying a predominating, but often implicit, theoretical assumption that people simply view all fat as bad (and more fat as worse).

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