scholarly journals Human Evolution and Dietary Ethanol

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2419
Author(s):  
Robert Dudley ◽  
Aleksey Maro
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Sensory Biology ◽  
Current Field ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genus Homo ◽  
Free Ranging

The “drunken monkey” hypothesis posits that attraction to ethanol derives from an evolutionary linkage among the sugars of ripe fruit, associated alcoholic fermentation by yeast, and ensuing consumption by human ancestors. First proposed in 2000, this concept has received increasing attention from the fields of animal sensory biology, primate foraging behavior, and molecular evolution. We undertook a review of English language citations subsequent to publication of the original paper and assessed research trends and future directions relative to natural dietary ethanol exposure in primates and other animals. Two major empirical themes emerge: attraction to and consumption of fermenting fruits (and nectar) by numerous vertebrates and invertebrates (e.g., Drosophila flies), and genomic evidence for natural selection consistent with sustained exposure to dietary ethanol in diverse taxa (including hominids and the genus Homo) over tens of millions of years. We also describe our current field studies in Uganda of ethanol content within fruits consumed by free-ranging chimpanzees, which suggest chronic low-level exposure to this psychoactive molecule in our closest living relatives.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF TYPOLOGY IN CHINESE ARCHAEOLOGY

Early China ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 21-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Hein
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Chinese Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Method And Theory ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Archaeological Method ◽  
The Rich

AbstractChinese and Western archaeologists (especially those of the anthropologically-oriented tradition) often seem to be talking past each other, not only because they are publishing in different languages, but also because of differences in theory and method. While most of the major theoretical works in Western languages are by now available in Chinese translations, hardly any English-language publications exist that explain Chinese approaches to archaeological method and theory. This article helps to bridge the gap by introducing the history of debates on archaeological method in China to a Western audience, focusing particularly on issues of typology and classification. Discussing in detail the merits—and issues—of approaches suggested by four of the most influential Chinese archaeologists (Li Chi, Xia Nai, Su Bingqi, and K. C. Chang), this article provides a deeper understanding of the preconditions of archaeological research in China. It also suggests future directions for archaeological work by local and foreign archaeologists, including but also going beyond the classification of the rich body of artifacts coming to light in Chinese excavations.

Novelty at dawn: Exploration, low neophobia and crepuscular activity in a wild Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)

2021 ◽  
pp. 175815592110524
Author(s):  
Berenika Mioduszewska ◽  
Mark O’Hara ◽  
Rafał Stryjek
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Common Buzzard ◽  
Buteo Buteo ◽  
Free Ranging

Raptor cognition has received limited research attention, despite the importance of comparative investigations for reconstructing the evolution of complex cognition. Field studies provide essential ecological context for cognition in the natural habitat, although this approach is often challenging due to extensive procedures involved in cognitive testing. One predisposition suggested to contribute to problem-solving behaviour is the response to novel stimuli. In this pilot study, a novel object test was conducted on an outdoor feeding platform to assess the neotic responses of a single wild free-ranging Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo), a generalist/opportunist diurnal predator species. Additionally, data on its daily activity were collected. As predicted, the subject expressed low neophobia and some exploratory behaviours. Interestingly, it repeatedly arrived on the platform in low light conditions. This study highlights the influence of foraging ecology on cognitive predispositions and offers a field method for research on raptor cognition.

Learning to Teach for Next-Generation Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 153-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel M. Grosbois ◽  
Cédric G. Sarré
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Online Surveys ◽  
Professional Skills ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Online Tutoring

This chapter examines how pre-service teachers specializing in English Language Teaching (ELT) in secondary schools can learn to teach for Next-Generation Education by developing professional skills that are in line with today and tomorrow's technology-mediated environments. To face this challenge, some specific CALL-based ELT training combining action and reflection has recently been introduced in the Education Department at Paris-Sorbonne University. In order to examine the specific CALL-based ELT training offered in light of the set objective, its theoretical underpinnings will first be considered. The design and content of a CALL-based ELT course and of an online tutoring module will then be studied. The pre-service teachers' perception of this CALL-based ELT training will then be explored through the results of online surveys. Conclusions will be drawn from these results and future directions will be outlined.

scholarly journals State-of-the-art review: preventing child and youth pedestrian motor vehicle collisions: critical issues and future directions

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-043829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Soleil Cloutier ◽  
Emilie Beaulieu ◽  
Liraz Fridman ◽  
Alison K Macpherson ◽  
Brent E Hagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
English Language ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Intersectoral Collaboration ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Critical Issues

AimTo undertake a comprehensive review of the best available evidence related to risk factors for child pedestrian motor vehicle collision (PMVC), as well as identification of established and emerging prevention strategies.MethodsArticles on risk factors were identified through a search of English language publications listed in Medline, Embase, Transport, SafetyLit, Web of Science, CINHAL, Scopus and PsycINFO within the last 30 years (~1989 onwards).ResultsThis state-of-the-art review uses the road safety Safe System approach as a new lens to examine three risk factor domains affecting child pedestrian safety (built environment, drivers and vehicles) and four cross-cutting critical issues (reliable collision and exposure data, evaluation of interventions, evidence-based policy and intersectoral collaboration).ConclusionsResearch conducted over the past 30 years has reported extensively on child PMVC risk factors. The challenge facing us now is how to move these findings into action and intervene to reduce the child PMVC injury and fatality rates worldwide.

Current Field Studies of Gorillas

1960 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Emlen,
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Current Field

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Pleet ◽  
Catherine DeMarino ◽  
Spencer W. Stonier ◽  
John M. Dye ◽  
Steven Jacobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Lymphocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Current Field ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions.

scholarly journals Challenges for Managing Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (Huanglongbing Disease Pathogen): Current Control Measures and Future Directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan A. Blaustein ◽  
Graciela L. Lorca ◽  
Max Teplitski
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

Huanglongbing (HLB; “citrus greening” disease) has caused significant damages to the global citrus industry as it has become well established in leading citrus-producing regions and continues to spread worldwide. Insecticidal control has been a critical component of HLB disease management, as there is a direct relationship between vector control and Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (i.e., the HLB pathogen) titer in HLB-infected citrus trees. In recent years, there have been substantial efforts to develop practical strategies for specifically managing Ca. Liberibacter spp.; however, a literature review on the outcomes of such attempts is still lacking. This work summarizes the greenhouse and field studies that have documented the effects and implications of chemical-based treatments (i.e., applications of broad-spectrum antibiotics, small molecule compounds) and nonchemical measures (i.e., applications of plant-beneficial compounds, applications of inorganic fertilizers, biological control, thermotherapy) for phytopathogen control. The ongoing challenges associated with mitigating Ca. Liberibacter spp. populations at the field-scale, such as the seasonality of the phytopathogen and associated HLB disease symptoms, limitations for therapeutics to contact the phytopathogen in planta, adverse impacts of broad-spectrum treatments on plant-beneficial microbiota, and potential implications on public and ecosystem health, are also discussed.

Design and Establishment of a Primate Troop Enclosure

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. Tollman ◽  
J.W. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Territorial Behaviour ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Natural Troop ◽  
The University ◽  
Free Ranging

The advantages and disadvantages of caged and field studies are well documented. Both types of study are necessary for a complete elucidation of the behaviour of a species. The evidence presented here suggests that a cage which has been built at the University of Natal overcomes many of the difficulties involved in cage studies in that it provides for many of the activities seen in a free-ranging troop, including territorial behaviour. The success of this enterprise may stem largely from the use of a hemispherical rather than cubical cage, and the preservation of genealogical links among the inmates. A ‘natural’ troop has been successfully maintained in the cage since May 1975.

Effects of castration on open-field behaviour and aggression in male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1927-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian N. Turner ◽  
Stuart L. Iverson ◽  
Kenneth L. Severson
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Intermale Aggression ◽  
Meadow Voles ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Field Behaviour ◽  
Open Field Behaviour

A series of three experiments tested the hypothesis that castration would result in altered open-field behaviour and aggression in male meadow voles. The open-field behaviour of laboratory-reared voles was not affected, and that of wild-captured laboratory-housed animals showed only one significant difference. However, in free-ranging voles, recaptured at intervals for testing, castration resulted in significantly reduced intermale aggression, and significantly decreased activity and increased urination in the open field. Thus, only the results from the experiment using free-ranging voles indicate a significant castration effect, and we suggest the lack of effect in laboratory-housed animals may be due to changes in factors including photoperiod, social milieu, and season.The changes in aggression and open-field behaviour in the wild animals are in agreement with interpretation of previous field studies of intact male voles, which demonstrated changes in these two behaviours at the onset of the breeding season. Among free-ranging meadow voles, therefore, the decreased hormone levels resulting from castration led to changes in these behaviours opposite to those observed in the spring when hormone levels increase with seasonal reproductive maturity. These behaviours thus appear to be at least partially dependent upon circulating testosterone levels in wild voles.

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