scholarly journals Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Airways: Moderating Asymptomatic Bacterial Carriage

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Lisa J. M. Slimmen ◽  
Hettie M. Janssens ◽  
Annemarie M. C. van Rossum ◽  
Wendy W. J. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriage ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Insight Into

Bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden, and the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in mounting an immune response to contain and clear invading pathogens is well-described. However, most encounters between a host and a bacterial pathogen do not result in symptomatic infection, but in asymptomatic carriage instead. The fact that a pathogen will cause infection in one individual, but not in another does not appear to be directly related to bacterial density, but rather depend on qualitative differences in the host response. Understanding the interactions between respiratory pathogens and airway APCs that result in asymptomatic carriage, will provide better insight into the factors that can skew this interaction towards infection. This review will discuss the currently available knowledge on airway APCs in the context of asymptomatic bacterial carriage along the entire respiratory tract. Furthermore, in order to interpret past and futures studies into this topic, we propose a standardized nomenclature of the different stages of carriage and infection, based on the pathogen’s position with regard to the epithelium and the amount of inflammation present.

Role of Procalcitonin in Managing Adult Patients With Respiratory Tract Infections

CHEST Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Schuetz ◽  
Devendra N. Amin ◽  
Jeffrey L. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Tract Infections

Frequent respiratory pathogens of respiratory tract infections in children attending daycare centers

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Bonfim ◽  
Maurício L. Nogueira ◽  
Paulo Vítor M. Simas ◽  
Luis Gustavo A. Gardinassi ◽  
Edison L. Durigon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Daycare Centers ◽  
Tract Infections

scholarly journals A role of oropharyngeal microbiota in developing acute and chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-367
Author(s):  
I. I. Ababii ◽  
L. A. Danilov ◽  
M. K. Maniuc ◽  
P. I. Ababii ◽  
S. S. Ghinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chronic Tonsillitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Currently, a rise in incidence of polyethological inflammation of the upper respiratory tract mucosa paralleled by altered resident and transient microbiota displaying in many cases increased antibiotic resistance has been noted. Opportunistic microbes play a major role in developing inflammatory process in Pirogov–Waldeyer’s ring. An inflammatory process occurring in the tonsillar lymphatic tissue results in host systemic complications. Fighting against acute and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract holds the main task in pediatric otorhinolaryngology, as they can consequently elicit the cardiovascular, genitourinary and musculoskeletal complications. The results of studies examining this issue remain very contradictory, which accounted for a need to conduct our study on the territory of Moldova featured with mixed climatic conditions. Here, we wanted to study a role of microbial factor in etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis in children. Bacteriological microbiota data for superficial palatine tonsils were obtained form 608 children subdivided into 5 groups: group I — 333 children with compensated chronic tonsillitis; group II — 87 children with decompensated chronic tonsillitis; group III — 91 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections (comparison group); group IV — 48 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections treated with antibiotic therapy; group V — 49 apparently healthy children (control group). It was found that β-hemolytic streptococcus exerting high sensitivity to virtually all antibiotics groups was detected in 17.4% of children with acute tonsilar inflammatory processes and decompensated defense in the lymphatic pharyngeal ring compared to 3.5% in control group. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in all study groups ranging within 4.8–21.7%, including 14% in apparently healthy children characterized by reduced antibiotics sensitivity. The data obtained suggest that sickly children with acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infections constitute a risk group for developing somatic diseases. The high incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae indicates a need for performing immunoprophylaxis, use of therapeutic vaccination as a up-to-date, combined approach in treatment of such pediatric cohort.

scholarly journals Respiratory tract infections and gut microbiome modifications: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262057
Author(s):  
Claire A. Woodall ◽  
Luke J. McGeoch ◽  
Alastair D. Hay ◽  
Ashley Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common and can cause gastrointestinal tract symptoms and changes to the gut microbiota, yet these effects are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the reported evidence of gut microbiome alterations in patients with a RTI compared to healthy controls (PROSPERO: CRD42019138853). We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and the Clinical Trial Database for studies published between January 2015 and June 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were human cohorts describing the gut microbiome in patients with an RTI compared to healthy controls and the infection was caused by a viral or bacterial pathogen. Dual data screening and extraction with narrative synthesis was performed. We identified 1,593 articles and assessed 11 full texts for inclusion. Included studies (some nested) reported gut microbiome changes in the context of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 5), influenza (H1N1 and H7N9) (n = 2), Tuberculosis (TB) (n = 4), Community-Acquired Pneumonia CAP (n = 2) and recurrent RTIs (rRTI) (n = 1) infections. We found studies of patients with an RTI compared to controls reported a decrease in gut microbiome diversity (Shannon) of 1.45 units (95% CI, 0.15–2.50 [p, <0.0001]) and a lower abundance of taxa (p, 0.0086). Meta-analysis of the Shannon value showed considerable heterogeneity between studies (I2, 94.42). Unbiased analysis displayed as a funnel plot revealed a depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus and enrichment of Enterococcus. There was an important absence in the lack of cohort studies reporting gut microbiome changes and high heterogeneity between studies may be explained by variations in microbiome methods and confounder effects. Further human cohort studies are needed to understand RTI-induced gut microbiome changes to better understand interplay between microbes and respiratory health.

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