scholarly journals Investigation of the Potential of Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Biomarker to Predict Colonization Resistance and Inflammatory Response to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chicken

Pathogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Mamadou Thiam ◽  
Astrid Lissette Barreto Sánchez ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Jie Wen ◽  
Guiping Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Pathogenicity Island ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

Salmonella causes significant economic loss to the poultry industry and represents a real threat to human health. The region of difference 21 (ROD21) pathogenicity island removal is a genetic mechanism by which Salmonellaenteritidis (SE) invades the intestinal epithelium and induces systemic infection in mice. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio reflects the chicken’s robustness and immune system status. The H/L ratio is considered a disease resistance trait, and it could be used as a marker for selecting Salmonella resistance in live chickens. However, the association of the H/L ratio with Salmonella resistance and the inflammatory response remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the kinetics of ROD21 excision in the intestine and immune organs of chickens is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the bacterial load, the ROD21 excision, the IL-1β, IL-8, and INF-γ blood serum concentration kinetics, and the association with the H/L ratio in chicken at 1, 3, 7, and 21 days post-SE infection. The results showed a significant correlation between the H/L ratio and the bacterial load in the ileum and caecum at 7 dpi. The ROD21 pathogenicity island absolute and relative excision in the caecum were positively correlated at 1 dpi but negatively correlated at 7 dpi with the H/L ratio. However, in the liver, we found the opposite tendency. The association of the H/L ratio with IL-1β, IL-8, and INF-γ blood serum concentrations showed that a low H/L ratio is correlated with increased IL-1β and INF-γ at 21 dpi. This study confirmed that the H/L ratio is associated with robustness and Salmonella-resistance in chicken. The methodology used in this study can separate individuals into susceptible and resistant and can help in the selection and breeding of Salmonella-resistant chickens.

scholarly journals Impact of Nisin and Nisin-Producing Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis on Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Bacterial Ecosystem of Cheese Matrices

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 898
Author(s):  
Hebatoallah Hassan ◽  
Daniel St-Gelais ◽  
Ahmed Gomaa ◽  
Ismail Fliss
Keyword(s):  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Clostridium Tyrobutyricum ◽  
Nisin Production ◽  
Genus Clostridium ◽  
Milk Pasteurization ◽  
Cheese Slurry ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores survive milk pasteurization and cause late blowing of cheeses and significant economic loss. The effectiveness of nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis 32 as a protective strain for control the C. tyrobutyricum growth in Cheddar cheese slurry was compared to that of encapsulated nisin-A. The encapsulated nisin was more effective, with 1.0 log10 reductions of viable spores after one week at 30 °C and 4 °C. Spores were not detected for three weeks at 4 °C in cheese slurry made with 1.3% salt, or during week 2 with 2% salt. Gas production was observed after one week at 30 °C only in the control slurry made with 1.3% salt. In slurry made with the protective strain, the reduction in C. tyrobutyricum count was 0.6 log10 in the second week at 4 °C with both salt concentration. At 4 °C, nisin production started in week 2 and reached 97 µg/g after four weeks. Metabarcoding analysis targeting the sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that the genus Lactococcus dominated for four weeks at 4 °C. In cheese slurry made with 2% salt, the relative abundance of the genus Clostridium decreased significantly in the presence of nisin or the protective strain. The results indicated that both strategies are able to control the growth of Clostridium development in Cheddar cheese slurries.

scholarly journals Rapid Multi-Hybridisation FISH Screening for Balanced Porcine Reciprocal Translocations Suggests a Much Higher Abnormality Rate Than Previously Appreciated

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Rebecca E O’Connor ◽  
Lucas G Kiazim ◽  
Claudia C Rathje ◽  
Rebecca L Jennings ◽  
Darren K Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Semen Analysis ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Chromosome Translocations ◽  
Farrowing Rate ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

With demand rising, pigs are the world’s leading source of meat protein; however significant economic loss and environmental damage can be incurred if boars used for artificial insemination (AI) are hypoprolific (sub-fertile). Growing evidence suggests that semen analysis is an unreliable tool for diagnosing hypoprolificacy, with litter size and farrowing rate being more applicable. Once such data are available, however, any affected boar will have been in service for some time, with significant financial and environmental losses incurred. Reciprocal translocations (RTs) are the leading cause of porcine hypoprolificacy, reportedly present in 0.47% of AI boars. Traditional standard karyotyping, however, relies on animal specific expertise and does not detect more subtle (cryptic) translocations. Previously, we reported development of a multiple hybridisation fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) strategy; here, we report on its use in 1641 AI boars. A total of 15 different RTs were identified in 69 boars, with four further animals XX/XY chimeric. Therefore, 4.5% had a chromosome abnormality (4.2% with an RT), a 0.88% incidence. Revisiting cases with both karyotype and FISH information, we reanalysed captured images, asking whether the translocation was detectable by karyotyping alone. The results suggest that chromosome translocations in boars may be significantly under-reported, thereby highlighting the need for pre-emptive screening by this method before a boar enters a breeding programme.

scholarly journals Salmonella Typhimurium reprograms macrophage metabolism via T3SS effector SopE2 to promote intracellular replication and virulence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyan Jiang ◽  
Peisheng Wang ◽  
Xiaorui Song ◽  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Shuangshuang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Pathogenicity Island ◽  
Intracellular Replication ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
T3ss Effector ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Bacterial Uptake ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Host Metabolism

AbstractSalmonella Typhimurium establishes systemic infection by replicating in host macrophages. Here we show that macrophages infected with S. Typhimurium exhibit upregulated glycolysis and decreased serine synthesis, leading to accumulation of glycolytic intermediates. The effects on serine synthesis are mediated by bacterial protein SopE2, a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector encoded in pathogenicity island SPI-1. The changes in host metabolism promote intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium via two mechanisms: decreased glucose levels lead to upregulated bacterial uptake of 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate (carbon sources), while increased pyruvate and lactate levels induce upregulation of another pathogenicity island, SPI-2, known to encode virulence factors. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of host glycolysis, activation of host serine synthesis, or deletion of either the bacterial transport or signal sensor systems for those host glycolytic intermediates impairs S. Typhimurium replication or virulence.

Growth of Salmonella Enteritidis in the presence of quorum sensing signaling compounds produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijia He ◽  
Huamei Yang ◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Hongmei Li ◽  
Qingli Dong
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Bacterial Communication ◽  
Homoserine Lactones ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Quorum sensing (QS) can exist in food-related bacteria and potentially affect bacterial growth through acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). To verify the role of QS compounds in the cell-free supernatant, this study examined the effect of supernatant extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture on the growth kinetics of Salmonella Enteritidis. The results showed that the lag time (λ) of S. Enteritidis was apparently reduced (p < 0.05) under the influence of P. aeruginosa culture supernatant compared with the S. Enteritidis culture supernatant. HPLC-MS/MS test demonstrated that AHLs secreted by P. aeruginosa were mainly C14-HSL with a content of 85.71 μg/mL and a small amount of 3-oxo-C12-HSL. In addition, the commercially synthetic C14-HSL had positive effects on the growth of S. Enteritidis, confirming once again that the growth of S. Enteritidis was affected by AHL metabolized by other bacteria and the complexity of bacterial communication.

Optimization of Thin-Film Winding Conditions Considering Viscoelastic Property and Thickness Variation and its Experimental Verification

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Sunami ◽  
Hiromu Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Property ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Roll To Roll ◽  
Condition Optimization ◽  
Wound Rolls ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

Plastic films are produced using roll-to-roll systems, which allow the film to be wound into a roll and stored in a small space. Roll defects, however, can cause significant economic loss, and gage bands remain an open area of research. More recently, plastic films have become thinner, so we must now reconsider wrinkling and slippage, problems which depend on the in-roll stress condition. Therefore, predicting the stress condition is essential to preventing defects occurring in wound rolls. In addition, the in-roll stress will change over time as a result of viscoelastic properties. This study theoretically investigates and experimentally verifies winding condition optimization and in-roll stress in consideration of the viscoelastic property and web thickness profile at a constant rewinding tension. Results show that the predicted values are in agreement with the measured values.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN BLACK BENGAL GOATS IN BANGLADESH

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
S. Mithu ◽  
M. T. Islam ◽  
M. J. Uddin ◽  
R. R. Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Significant Economic Loss ◽  
Sera Samples ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonotic disease causing significant economic loss in dairy industries worldwide including Bangladesh. But limited studies are devoted to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in goat in all districts of Bangladesh. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in Black Bengal goats in Nilphamari Sadar and Kishoreganj upazillas of Nilphamari district of Bangladesh using Rose Bengal Test (RBT) as screening test and I-ELISA as confirmatory test. A total of 154 sera samples from Black Bengal goats were collected from Nilphamari district. Epidemiological data on the selected Black Bengal goats were collected using a structured questionnaire. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was found to be 2.59% in Black Bengal goats. A significantly (p<0.01) higher prevalence of brucellosis was found in Black Bengal goats with the history of previous abortion (33.33%). An insignificant (p>0.05) but higher prevalence of brucellosis was found in adult Black Bengal goats (>24 months) than young. The prevalence was relatively higher in cross-bred than pure Black Bengal goats, in female than male and in pregnant than non-pregnant Black Bengal goats. The result of the study will provide baseline data for control of brucellosis in goat in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15646

scholarly journals Peptidoglycan derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus MLGA up-regulates the expression of chicken β-defensin 9 without triggering an inflammatory response

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-745
Author(s):  
Juan Huang ◽  
Junhui Li ◽  
Qiufen Li ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Nianhua Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Induction Effect ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Defensins are critical components of the innate immune system and play an important role in the integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although information on the immunomodulatory properties of peptidoglycan from bacteria is abundant, little is known about the β-defensin induction effect of peptidoglycan from the probiotic Lactobacillus. This study investigated the effect of intact peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus MLGA on the induction of avian β-defensin 9 in chicken immune cells and intestinal explants. Peptidoglycan from Lactobacillus rhamnosus MLGA dose dependently promoted avian β-defensin 9 mRNA expression in chicken PBMCs, splenocytes, thymocytes, hepatocytes, and chicken embryo jejunum, ileum, and cecum explants and increased the capacity of PBMC or splenocyte lysates to inhibit the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis. In contrast to the effect of L. rhamnosus MLGA-derived peptidoglycan, peptidoglycan derived from pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus reduced avian β-defensin 9 mRNA expression in chicken PBMCs and splenocytes. The inducible effect of peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus MLGA on avian β-defensin 9 expression in PBMCs and splenocytes was observed without activation of the expression of associated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-12p40, whereas these cytokine expressions were suppressed by peptidoglycan hydrolysate obtained by lysozyme digestion. The results of the present study show the capability of peptidoglycan derived from L. rhamnosus MLGA to induce the antimicrobial peptide defensin while simultaneously avoiding the deleterious risks of an inflammatory response.

T2086 Transoperatorial Lavage With an Electrolyzed Solution by Ionic Selectivity Considerably Decreases the Bacterial Load and the Inflammatory Response in a Murine Model of Sepsis

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. S-893-S-894
Author(s):  
Francisco Nachon Garcia ◽  
Jose Diaz Tellez ◽  
Luis Landero Lopez ◽  
Ma. Gabriela Nachon Garcia ◽  
Fabio Garcia-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Ionic Selectivity

Injury And Inflammation Induced In The Microcirculation Of The Rabbit By Antigen-Antibody Complexes

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Crawford ◽  
H Z Movat ◽  
N S Ranadive ◽  
J B Hay
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Cork Borer ◽  
Pulmonary Microcirculation ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Increased Blood Flow ◽  
Circulating Antibody

An experimental model was used to study the morphogenesis, quantitation and kinetics of the inflammatory response in the dermis of rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with ovalbumin, bled, the antibody precipitated by ammonium sulphate and redissolved in saline. Circulating antibody was determined by the quantitative precipitin test. The reversed passive Arthus reaction was elicited by injecting normal rabbits intravenously with antigen [1.0 gm] and intradermally with 0.9 mg of antibody, in triplicate sites. The lesions were allowed to develop for 1-8, 18 and 24 hours post-injection. To assess the inflammatory response, 5 parameters were examined: 1) Exudation of plasma using 125I-serum albumin; 2) Infiltration of leukocytes with 51Cr-labelled cells; 3) Hemorrhage with 59Fe-erythrocytes; 4) Formation of microthrombi with 111In-platelets; and 5) Blood flow with 57Co-microspheres. The animals were killed, the lesions punched out with a cork borer and counted in a gamma spectrometer. Skin lesions from rabbits not injected with tracers were fixed in glutaraldehyde-formalin and prepared for microscopic examination. With the aid of these techniques, increase of vascular permeability and the formation of microthrombi peaked in 2-hour old lesions. Increased blood flow peaked in leasions 3-4 hours postinjection. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes reached a maximum in lesions 2-3 hours old, followed by hemorrhage, which reached a maximum and plateaued after 4 hours. Immune complexes may induce a hemorrhagic inflammation, the kinetics of which can be ascertained. Preliminary studies indicate that these techniques are applicable for the examination of experimentally-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitides and disorders of the pulmonary microcirculation.

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