scholarly journals Demographics and Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in the State of Qatar: A Five-Year Surveillance-Based Incidence Study

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Hamad E. Al Romaihi ◽  
Nandakumar Ganesan ◽  
Elmoubasher A. Farag ◽  
Maria K. Smatti ◽  
Gheyath K. Nasrallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Expatriates represent >80% of Qatar’s population, mostly arriving from countries in Africa and Asia that are endemic with many diseases. This increases the risk for introducing new pathogens into the country and provides a platform for maintenance of endemic pathogen circulation. Here, we report on the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B in Qatar between 2010 and 2014. Methods: We performed a retrospective epidemiological data analysis using the data available at the surveillance system of the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in Qatar. Data were collected from distinctive public and private incorporates around the nation. Reported cases of hepatitis B patients represent those who met the stringent case definition as per World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines and eventually reported to MOPH. Results: The annual incidence rates of hepatitis B cases were 30.0, 34.2, 30.5, 39.4, and 19.8 per 100,000 population in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. There was no specific trend or seasonality for the reported cases. The incidence rates were higher in females compared to males between 2010 and 2012, but similar in 2013 and 2014. The highest incidence rates were reported among individuals between 25 and 34 years of age. No cases were reported in children younger than five years in 2013 and 2014. Rates of hepatitis B cases declined dramatically in 2014, in both Qataris and non-Qataris, as compared to the previous years. Conclusion: Our results indicate a dramatic decline of hepatitis B cases in Qatar but mandate improved surveillance and vaccination efforts in expatriates in the nation.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Aspects of the Initial Evolution of COVID-19 in Microregion of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5245
Author(s):  
Deborah Araujo Policarpo ◽  
Eduarda Cristina Alves Lourenzatto ◽  
Talita Costa e Silva Brito ◽  
Daise Aparecida Rossi ◽  
Roberta Torres de Melo
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Initial Evolution ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

COVID-19 is considered by the World Health Organization to be a global public health emergency, which presents regional divergences that affect the epidemiological profile of the disease and are associated with political, economic, social and behavioral aspects. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the disease in the microregion of Uberlândia, Brazil, in order to determine risk factors that contributed to progression of SARS-CoV-2 virus. A cross-sectional study was conducted about micro- and macro-determinants combined with the significance analysis of suspected and confirmed cases in 18 municipalities during the epidemiological weeks (EW) 9 to 26. There were 34,046 notifications, of which 4935 (14.49%) people were diagnosed with COVID-19. Of these, 282 (5.71%) required hospital care and 40 (0.81%) died. Age and presence of associated comorbidities were decisive in the variations of incidence and lethality rates. In general, young people were the most affected and the elderly people, the most exposed to the serious and lethal form (p < 0.0001). Comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiopathies increased 33.5 times the death risk. The dispersion of the virus was centrifugal, in the inter as well as in the intra-municipal level. The disorderly implementation of municipal decrees applied in a decentralized manner in the municipalities seems to have contributed for the incidence rates increasing in the EW 25 and 26.

scholarly journals Epidemiology Survey of Measles in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 704-710
Author(s):  
Aygerim Zhuzzhasarova ◽  
Dinagul Baesheva ◽  
Bayan Turdalina ◽  
Aliya Seidullaeva ◽  
Alena Altynbekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Public Health Protection ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

BACKGROUND: Measles (rubella) is a highly contagious disease that is caused by a virus in the Paramyxoviridae family. The measles virus is directly responsible for more than 100,000 deaths each year. Epidemiological studies have linked measles to increased morbidity and mortality many years after infection, but the reasons underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. The virus attacks immune cells, causing acute suppression of the immune system. The World Health Organization recommends a two-dose vaccination policy, with the first dose administered during the 1st year of life, and coverage should be maintained in at least 90–95% of the population to halt transmission. In many countries, the measles vaccine is included in the immunization program and is freely available to all. Today, despite active immunization of the population, measles still occurs in the Republic of Kazakhstan. AIM: The objective of our study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the rise of the disease. METHODS: Statistical data were obtained from the Committee on Public Health Protection on the incidence of measles in The Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from November 1, 2018 to December 30, 2019. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiology survey. RESULTS: The article contains epidemiological data on the incidence of measles in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan among children, age, and gender characteristics. CONCLUSION: In the period from November 2018 to December 2019, there was a tendency to increase the incidence of measles in the republic. In terms of morbidity, Nur-Sultan was the leader, where the number of cases was 22.9% (n = 3181). The largest number of registered cases, 58.2% (n = 5745), occurred in children aged 1–14 years. Measles remains an unresolved global problem and groups of undervaccinated and unvaccinated populations remain vulnerable during epidemics.

scholarly journals Case Report: Longitudinal assessment of a COVID-19 patient in the midst of a pandemic

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 972
Author(s):  
Rashid A. Chotani ◽  
Syed S. Ashraf ◽  
Fatima Aziz ◽  
Shakeel M. Thakurdas ◽  
Afham Chotani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
World Health ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

Directional clinical evaluation and management of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) was initially presumptive based on the Wuhan data set as reported by World Health Organization (WHO). The current recommendations emanate primarily from the Chinese experience and subsequent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Here we report a case with an “atypical” patient risk profile and variant longitudinal disease progression contrasting from existing recommendations. Our case report suggests that a universal 14-day quarantine timeline may not be sufficient; that correlation is needed between viral presence as determined by RT-PCR and a patient’s humoral response tested by serologic immunoassay of IgM & IgG. Hence, a clinical decision-making algorithm that can help clinicians clear a patient from “active infection” status would require testing that is sufficiently reliable, and should include serological testing for immunity.

scholarly journals A decade of plague in Madagascar: a description of two hotspot districts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitraka Rakotosamimanana ◽  
Daouda Kassie ◽  
François Taglioni ◽  
Josélyne Ramamonjisoa ◽  
Fanjasoa Rakotomanana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
System Data ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
National Surveillance System

Abstract Background Human plague cases, mainly in the bubonic form, occur annually in endemic regions of the central highlands of Madagascar. The aim of this study was to compare the dynamics of the epidemiological features of the human plague in two districts of the central highlands region. Methods In Madagascar, all clinically suspected plague cases that meet clinical and epidemiological criteria specified in the World Health Organization (WHO) standard case definition are reported to the national surveillance system. Data on plague cases reported between 2006 and 2015 in the districts of Ambositra and Tsiroanomandidy were analysed. Statistical comparisons between the epidemiological characteristics of the two districts were conducted. Results A total of 840 cases of plague were reported over the studied period, including 563 (67%) probable and confirmed cases (P + C). Out of these P + C cases, nearly 86% (488/563) were cases of bubonic plague. Reported clinical forms of plague were significantly different between the districts from 2006 to 2015 (p = 0.001). Plague cases occurred annually in a period of 10 years in the Tsiroanomandidy district. During the same period, the Ambositra district was characterized by a one-year absence of cases. Conclusion The differences in the epidemiological situation with respect to the plague from 2006 to 2015 in the two central highlands districts may suggest that several factors other than biogeographical factors determine the representation of the plague and its dynamics in this region. Considering the epidemiological situations according to the specific contexts of the districts could improve the results in the fight against the plague in Madagascar.

scholarly journals A Decade of Plague in Madagascar: A Description of Two Hot Spot Districts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitraka Rakotosamimanana ◽  
Daouda Kassie ◽  
François Taglioni ◽  
Josélyne Ramamonjisoa ◽  
Fanjasoa Rakotomanana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Central Highland ◽  
System Data ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Human plague cases, mainly the bubonic form, occur annually in the endemic regions of the central highlands of Madagascar. The aim of the study is to compare the evolution of the epidemiological features of human plague in two districts of the central highlands.Methods In Madagascar, all clinically suspected plague cases that meet clinical and epidemiological criteria specified in the World health organization standard case definition are reported to the national surveillance system. Data on plague cases reported between 2006 and 2015 in the districts of Ambositra and Tsiroanomandidy were analyzed. Statistical comparisons between the epidemiological characteristics of the two districts were conducted. Results A total of 840 cases were reported over the period studied, including 563 (67%) probable and confirmed cases (C+P). Of these C+P cases, nearly 91% (488/536) were cases of bubonic plague. Reported clinical forms of plague were significant for both districts during 2006 to 2015 (p=0.001). Plague cases occurred annually in a period of 10 years in Tsiroanomandidy district. One year of absence of cases characterized Ambositra district during the same period. Conclusion The differences in the epidemiological situation with respect to the plague from 2006 to 2015 in the two central highland districts may suggest that several factors other than biogeographical factors determine the expression of the plague and its evolution in this region. The need to take into account epidemiological situations according to the specific contexts of the districts could improve results in the fight against the plague in Madagascar.

scholarly journals Usefulness of Clinical Definitions of Influenza for Public Health Surveillance Purposes

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domínguez ◽  
Soldevila ◽  
Torner ◽  
Martínez ◽  
Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

This study investigated the performance of various case definitions and influenza symptoms in a primary healthcare sentinel surveillance system. A retrospective study of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the cases reported by a primary healthcare sentinel surveillance network for eleven years in Catalonia was conducted. Crude and adjusted diagnostic odds ratios (aDORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the case definitions and symptoms for all weeks and epidemic weeks were estimated. The most predictive case definition for laboratory-confirmed influenza was the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for ILI in all weeks (aDOR 2.69; 95% CI 2.42–2.99) and epidemic weeks (aDOR 2.20; 95% CI 1.90–2.54). The symptoms that were significant positive predictors for confirmed influenza were fever, cough, myalgia, headache, malaise, and sudden onset. Fever had the highest aDOR in all weeks (4.03; 95% CI 3.38–4.80) and epidemic weeks (2.78; 95% CI 2.21–3.50). All of the case definitions assessed performed better in patients with comorbidities than in those without. The performance of symptoms varied by age groups, with fever being of high value in older people, and cough being of high value in children. In patients with comorbidities, the performance of fever was the highest (aDOR 5.45; 95% CI 3.43–8.66). No differences in the performance of the case definition or symptoms in influenza cases according to virus type were found.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics of Infectious Diseases Among Travelers Between China and Foreign Countries Before and During the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Luo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yibo Ding ◽  
Jiaxin Xie ◽  
Jinhua Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: International travel during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic carries a certain magnitude of infection risk both to travelers and their destination, which may be difficult to assess in the early stage. The characteristics of common infectious diseases of tourists may provide some clues to identify the high-risk travelers and protect susceptible population.Methods: From among 48,444 travelers screened at Shanghai Port, we analyzed 577 travelers with 590 infectious diseases for age, sex, disease type, and World Health Organization (WHO) regions. We used the Joinpoint Regression Program to identify the average percent changes (APC) in the various trends among these individuals.Results: Hepatitis B, syphilis, and HIV were the most common infectious diseases in travelers entering China, and Hepatitis B, pulmonary tuberculosis, and syphilis in Chinese nationals traveling abroad (overall detection rates, 1.43 and 0.74%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Africa (2.96%), the Americas (1.68%), and the Western Pacific (1.62%) exhibited the highest detection rates. This trend did not decrease since the COVID-19 pandemic (P &gt; 0.05) and rather showed an upward trend with increasing age [APC 95% CI = 5.46 (3.41,7.56)%, P &lt; 0.05]. However, there were no evident trends in monthly infection rates of travelers exiting and entering China from different WHO regions (all P &gt; 0.05).Conclusion: Travelers always carry a transmission risk of common infectious diseases. It may be reasonable to adjust strategies for airport screening and quarantine according to the age and departure area of travelers to prevent and control new infectious diseases.

Preventing Premature Weaning: Management Options for Common Lactation Conditions, Including OMT

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Denise Sackett ◽  
Tala Dajani ◽  
David Shoup ◽  
Uzoma Ikonne
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Family Physician ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Lactational Mastitis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

The benefits of breastfeeding are well established. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that mothers breastfeed infants for at least one year, but most children are not breastfed that long because of many factors. Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges to continued breastfeeding, including medical conditions that arise during this period, such as postpartum depression and lactational mastitis. Because of a perceived lack of consistent guidance on medication safety, it can be difficult for the family physician to treat these conditions while encouraging mothers to continue breastfeeding. The purpose of the current review is to summarize and clarify treatment options for the osteopathic family physician treating lactating mothers. We specifically focus on the pharmacological management of contraception, postpartum depression, and lactational mastitis.

An approach to the understanding of the clinical-etiopathological aspect of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 862-869
Author(s):  
Meena Kumari ◽  
Monika Agrawal ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Parameswarappa S Byadgi
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Therapy Assessment ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
The World ◽  
Polarized Epithelia ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Currently, the world is facing a health and socioeconomic crisis caused by the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this disease as a pandemic. The condition (COVID-19) is an infectious disorder triggered by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. Most of the COVID-19 infected patients will experience mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and recover without any unique therapy. Assessment of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 cases suggests the infected patients will not be contagious until the onset of severe symptoms and affects the other organs. Well-differentiated cells of apical airway epithelia communicating with ACE2 were promptly infected to SARS-CoV-2 virus. But the expression of ACE 2 in poorly differentiated epithelia facilitated SARS spike (S) protein-pseudo typed virus entry and it is replicated in polarized epithelia and especially exited via the apical surface. Limiting the transmission of COVID-19 infection & its prevention can be regarded as a hierarchy of controls. In this article, we briefly discuss the most recent advances in respect to aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease COVID-19.

Prepayment schemes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Universal Health

This chapter considers two different ways of organizing revenue collection in statutory healthcare schemes: social health insurance and taxation. The two models are commonly referred to as ‘Bismarck vs Beveridge’ after the men associated with the origin of these systems: the first German chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), and the British economist Lord William Beveridge (1879–1963). The differences between these two compulsory prepayment schemes are discussed and compared with private health insurance. Based on a simple diagram introduced by the World Health Organization, three dimensions of coverage are illustrated. Some policy dilemmas are highlighted when attempting to achieve universal health coverage. Finally, various combinations of public and private prepayment schemes are discussed.

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