scholarly journals Iron Homeostasis in the Lungs—A Balance between Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Neves ◽  
Thomas Haider ◽  
Max Gassmann ◽  
Martina U. Muckenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Review Current

A strong mechanistic link between the regulation of iron homeostasis and oxygen sensing is evident in the lung, where both systems must be properly controlled to maintain lung function. Imbalances in pulmonary iron homeostasis are frequently associated with respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms causing alterations in iron levels and the involvement of iron in the development of lung disorders are incompletely understood. Here, we review current knowledge about the regulation of pulmonary iron homeostasis, its functional importance, and the link between dysregulated iron levels and lung diseases. Gaining greater knowledge on how iron contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases holds promise for future iron-related therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Effects of Air Pollutants on Airway Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9905
Author(s):  
Yun-Gi Lee ◽  
Pureun-Haneul Lee ◽  
Seon-Muk Choi ◽  
Min-Hyeok An ◽  
An-Soo Jang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Biological Contaminants ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Air pollutants include toxic particles and gases emitted in large quantities from many different combustible materials. They also include particulate matter (PM) and ozone, and biological contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which can penetrate the human airway and reach the bloodstream, triggering airway inflammation, dysfunction, and fibrosis. Pollutants that accumulate in the lungs exacerbate symptoms of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma, a heterogeneous disease with complex pathological mechanisms, is characterized by particular symptoms such as shortness of breath, a tight chest, coughing, and wheezing. Patients with COPD often experience exacerbations and worsening of symptoms, which may result in hospitalization and disease progression. PM varies in terms of composition, and can include solid and liquid particles of various sizes. PM concentrations are higher in urban areas. Ozone is one of the most toxic photochemical air pollutants. In general, air pollution decreases quality of life and life expectancy. It exacerbates acute and chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic airway diseases, and increases the morbidity and risk of hospitalization associated with respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Therefore, we reviewed the impact of air pollutants on airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, focusing on their underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Guo ◽  
Yue Su ◽  
Fang Deng
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Adult Stem Cell ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a kind of pluripotent adult stem cell have shown great therapeutic potential in relation to many diseases in anti-inflammation and regeneration. The results of preclinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that MSC-derived secretome possesses immunoregulatory and reparative abilities and that this secretome is capable of modulating innate and adaptive immunity and reprograming the metabolism of recipient cells via paracrine mechanisms. It has been recognized that MSC-derived secretome, including soluble proteins (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases), extracellular vesicles (EVs) and organelles, plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and silicosis. This review summarizes the known functions of MSC-EV modulation in lung diseases, coupled with the future challenges of MSC-EVs as a new pharmaceutical agent. The identification of underlying mechanisms for MSC-EV might provide a new direction for MSC-centered treatment in lung diseases.Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota and Respiratory Diseases: New Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chunxi ◽  
Liu Haiyue ◽  
Lin Yanxia ◽  
Pan Jianbing ◽  
Su Jin
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
System Development ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Lung Health ◽  
New Evidence

Human body surfaces, such as the skin, intestines, and respiratory and urogenital tracts, are colonized by a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, with the gut being the most densely and extensively colonized organ. The microbiome plays an essential role in immune system development and tissue homeostasis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis not only modulates the immune responses of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but also impacts the immunity of distal organs, such as the lung, further affecting lung health and respiratory diseases. Here, we review the recent evidence of the correlations and underlying mechanisms of the relationship between the gut microbiota and common respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), lung cancer, and respiratory infection, and probiotic development as a therapeutic intervention for these diseases.

scholarly journals The inflammasome in lung diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (8) ◽  
pp. L627-L633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gimena dos Santos ◽  
Mikhail A. Kutuzov ◽  
Karen M. Ridge
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Multimeric Protein

Inflammation, the process aimed at restoring homeostasis after an insult, can be more damaging than the insult itself if uncontrolled, excessive, or prolonged. The inflammasome is an intracellular multimeric protein complex that regulates the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines of the IL-1 family in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Growing evidence indicates that the inflammasome plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. The inflammasome can be activated by the pathogens that account for the most prevalent infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as influenza A virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The inflammasome also plays a role in the chronic inflammation of the airways of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as in the initiation and progression of the inflammatory process in pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant points of inflammasome activation in lung diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Macrophages in the Development of Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Jae-Won Lee ◽  
Wanjoo Chun ◽  
Hee Jae Lee ◽  
Jae-Hong Min ◽  
Seong-Man Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Activation Of Transcription ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Macrophages play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of organ systems, including the lungs, to particles and pathogens. Cumulative results show that macrophages contribute to the development and progression of acute or chronic inflammatory responses through the secretion of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and the activation of transcription factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ARDS related to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)), allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This review summarizes the functions of macrophages and their associated underlying mechanisms in the development of ALI, ARDS, COVID-19-related ARDS, allergic asthma, COPD, and IPF and briefly introduces the acute and chronic experimental animal models. Thus, this review suggests an effective therapeutic approach that focuses on the regulation of macrophage function in the context of inflammatory lung diseases.

scholarly journals Microbiota: A Missing Link in The Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
AGNIESZKA MAGRYŚ
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Chronic respiratory diseases account for high morbidity and mortality, with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) being the most prevalent globally. Even though the diseases increase in prevalence, the exact underlying mechanisms have still not been fully understood. Despite their differences in nature, pathophysiologies, and clinical phenotypes, a growing body of evidence indicates that the presence of lung microbiota can shape the pathogenic processes underlying chronic inflammation, typically observed in the course of the diseases. Therefore, the characterization of the lung microbiota may shed new light on the pathogenesis of these diseases. Specifically, in chronic respiratory tract diseases, the human microbiota may contribute to the disease’s development and severity. The present review explores the role of the microbiota in the area of chronic pulmonary diseases, especially COPD, asthma, and CF.

scholarly journals Just breathe: a review of sex and gender in chronic lung disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 31 (163) ◽  
pp. 210111
Author(s):  
Ranjani Somayaji ◽  
James D. Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Chronic lung diseases are the third leading cause of death worldwide and are increasing in prevalence over time. Although much of our traditional understanding of health and disease is derived from study of the male of the species – be it animal or human – there is increasing evidence that sex and gender contribute to differences in disease risk, prevalence, presentation, severity, treatment approach, response and outcomes. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and bronchiectasis represent the most prevalent and studied chronic lung diseases and have key sex- and gender-based differences which are critical to consider and incorporate into clinical and research approaches. Mechanistic differences present opportunities for therapeutic development whereas behavioural and clinical differences on the part of patients and providers present opportunities for greater education and understanding at multiple levels. In this review, we seek to summarise the sex- and gender-based differences in key chronic lung diseases and outline the clinical and research implications for stakeholders.

Obesity and the Lung: What We Know Today

Respiration ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 856-866
Author(s):  
Judith Maria Brock ◽  
Adrian Billeter ◽  
Beat Peter Müller-Stich ◽  
Felix Herth
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Obesity is becoming more and more prevalent especially in Western industrial nations. The understanding of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ as well as the detection of adipocytokines – hormones that are secreted from the adipose tissue – gave reason to examine the interactions between adipose tissue and target organs. These efforts have been intensified especially in the context of bariatric surgery as promising weight loss therapy. Interactions between the lung and adipose tissue have rarely been investigated and are not well understood. There are obvious mechanical effects of obesity on lung function explaining the associations between obesity and lung diseases, in particular obesity hypoventilation syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The rise in the prevalence of obesity affects the epidemiology of pulmonary diseases as well. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on interactions, associations, and consequences of obesity and weight loss on lung function and lung diseases. Based on these data, areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Respiratory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
François M. Carlier ◽  
Charlotte de Fays ◽  
Charles Pilette
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Host Protection ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and pathogens. The underlying mechanisms of host protection encompass multiple physical, chemical, and immune pathways. In the lung, inhaled agents continually challenge the airway epithelial barrier, which is altered in chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we describe the epithelial barrier abnormalities that are observed in such disorders and summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms driving impaired barrier function, which could represent targets of future therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Vitamins and respiratory disease: antioxidant micronutrients in pulmonary health and disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Oxidative Insult

The lungs are continually exposed to relatively-high O2 tensions, and as such, in comparison with other organs, they represent a unique tissue for the damaging effects of oxidant attack. At particular times during a lifetime this every day challenge may increase exponentially. The first oxidative insult occurs at birth, when cells are exposed to a sudden 5-fold increase in O2 concentration. Thereafter, the human lung, from infancy through to old age, can be subjected to deleterious oxidative events as a consequence of inhaling environmental pollutants or irritants, succumbing to several pulmonary diseases (including infant and adult respiratory distress syndromes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and cancer) and receiving treatment for these diseases. The present paper will review the concept that consumption of a healthy diet and the consequent ability to establish and then maintain adequate micronutrient antioxidant concentrations in the lung throughout life, and following various oxidative insults, could prevent or reduce the incidence of oxidant-mediated respiratory diseases. Furthermore, the rationale, practicalities and complexities of boosting the antioxidant pool of the respiratory-tract lining fluid in diseases in which oxidative stress is actively involved, by direct application to the lung v. dietary modification, in order to achieve a therapeutic effect will be discussed.

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