scholarly journals Along the Process Chain to Probiotic Tablets: Evaluation of Mechanical Impacts on Microbial Viability

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Vorländer ◽  
Ingo Kampen ◽  
Jan Henrik Finke ◽  
Arno Kwade
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Tablet Properties ◽  
Compaction Stress ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Initial Process

Today, probiotics are predominantly used in liquid or semi-solid functionalized foods, showing a rapid loss of cell viability. Due to the increasing spread of antibiotic resistance, probiotics are promising in pharmaceutical development because of their antimicrobial effects. This increases the formulation requirements, e.g., the need for an enhanced shelf life that is achieved by drying, mainly by lyophilization. For oral administration, the process chain for production of tablets containing microorganisms is of high interest and, thus, was investigated in this study. Lyophilization as an initial process step showed low cell survival of only 12.8%. However, the addition of cryoprotectants enabled survival rates up to 42.9%. Subsequently, the dried cells were gently milled. This powder was tableted directly or after mixing with excipients microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate or lactose. Survival rates during tableting varied between 1.4% and 24.1%, depending on the formulation and the applied compaction stress. More detailed analysis of the tablet properties showed advantages of excipients in respect of cell survival and tablet mechanical strength. Maximum overall survival rate along the complete manufacturing process was >5%, enabling doses of 6   ×   10 8 colony forming units per gram ( CFU   g total − 1 ), including cryoprotectants and excipients.

scholarly journals An In-Depth Process Model for Fuel Production via Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Leonard Moser ◽  
Christina Penke ◽  
Valentin Batteiger
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Point Distribution ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Made In

One of the more promising technologies for future renewable fuel production from biomass is hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Although enormous progress in the context of continuous experiments on demonstration plants has been made in the last years, still many research questions concerning the understanding of the HTL reaction network remain unanswered. In this study, a unique process model of an HTL process chain has been developed in Aspen Plus® for three feedstock, microalgae, sewage sludge and wheat straw. A process chain consisting of HTL, hydrotreatment (HT) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (cHTG) build the core process steps of the model, which uses 51 model compounds representing the hydrolysis products of the different biochemical groups lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives and ash for modeling the biomass. Two extensive reaction networks of 272 and 290 reactions for the HTL and HT process step, respectively, lead to the intermediate biocrude (~200 model compounds) and the final upgraded biocrude product (~130 model compounds). The model can reproduce important characteristics, such as yields, elemental analyses, boiling point distribution, product fractions, density and higher heating values of experimental results from continuous experiments as well as literature values. The model can be applied as basis for techno-economic and environmental assessments of HTL fuel production, and may be further developed into a predictive yield modeling tool.

scholarly journals Survival Rate of Cells Sent by a Low Mechanical Load Tube Pump: The “Ring Pump”

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Uesugi ◽  
Keizo Nishiyama ◽  
Koki Hirai ◽  
Hiroaki Inoue ◽  
Yoichi Sakurai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cell Culture System ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Cell Survival Rate ◽  
Peristaltic Pumps ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

A ring pump (RP) is a useful tool for microchannels and automated cell culturing. We have been developing RPs (a full-press ring pump, FRP; and a mid-press ring pump, MRP). However, damage to cells which were sent by the RP and the MRP was not investigated, and no other studies have compared the damage to cells between RPs and peristaltic pumps (PPs). Therefore, first, we evaluated the damage to cells that were sent by a small size FRP (s-FRP) and small size MRPs (s-MRPs; gap = 25 or 50 μm, respectively). “Small size” means that the s-FRP and the s-MRPs are suitable for microchannel-scale applications. The survival rate of cells sent by the s-MRPs was higher than those sent by the s-FRP, and less damage caused by the former. Second, we compared the survival rate of cells that were sent by a large size FRP (l-FRP), a large size MRP (l-MRP) (gap = 50 μm) and a PP. “Large size” means that the l-FRP and the l-MRP are suitable for automated cell culture system applications. We could not confirm any differences among the cell survival rates. On the other hand, when cells suspended in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline solution were circulated with the l-MRP (gap = 50 μm) and the PP, we confirmed a difference in cell survival rate, and less damage caused by the former.

scholarly journals Bu-Yin-Qian-Zheng Formula Ameliorates MPP+-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease via Parkin

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Jie Ma ◽  
Cong Gai ◽  
Yuan Chai ◽  
Wan-Di Feng ◽  
Cui-Cui Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Transient Transfection ◽  
Mitochondrial Fusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Atp Levels

As a typical traditional Chinese medicine, Bu-Yin-Qian-Zheng Formula (BYQZF) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), particularly by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and regulating expression of the parkin protein. However, the underlying mechanisms by which BYQZF affects mitochondrial function through parkin are unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated the mechanisms by which BYQZF ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction through parkin in PD. We constructed a parkin-knockdown cell model and performed fluorescence microscopy to observe transfected SH-SY5Y cells. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were conducted to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of parkin. Additionally, we evaluated the cell survival rates, ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial morphology, parkin protein expression, PINK1 protein expression, and mitochondrial fusion and fission protein expression after treatment with MPP+ and BYQZF. Our results showed that cell survival rates, ATP levels, ΔΨm, mitochondrial morphology, parkin protein levels, PINK1 protein levels, and mitochondrial fusion protein levels were reduced after MPP+ treatment. In contrast, mitochondrial fission protein levels were increased after MPP+ treatment. Moreover, after transient transfection with a negative control plasmid, the above indices were significantly increased by BYQZF. However, there were no obvious differences in these indices after transient transfection with a parkin-knockdown plasmid. Our findings suggest that BYQZF has protective effects on mitochondrial function in MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells via parkin-dependent regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.

Statistical Analysis of Forming Processes as a First Step in a Process-Chain Analysis: Novel PRO-CHAIN Components

2012 ◽  
Vol 504-506 ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Steffes-Lai ◽  
Tanja Clees
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Process Step ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Process Chains ◽  
Metal Blank

This paper presents a new approach for statistical analysis of process chains, including a parameter sensitivity analysis of each process step as a basis for dimension reduction, and an efficient interpolatory metamodel in order to predict new designs. A Monte Carlo alike evaluation of this metamodel results in the requested statistical information, e.g. quantiles of the output functionals. Numerical results are presented for the forming process of a ZStE340 metal blank of a B-pillar. Additionally, a brief overview of results of the process chain forming to crash is given.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate on human fibroblasts, myoblasts, and osteoblasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
James X. Liu ◽  
Jordan Werner ◽  
Thorsten Kirsch ◽  
Joseph D. Zuckerman ◽  
Mandeep S. Virk
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Wound Irrigation

Abstract. Introduction: Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is widely used as a preoperative surgical skin-preparation solution and intra-wound irrigation agent, with excellent efficacy against wide variety of bacteria. The cytotoxic effect of CHX on local proliferating cells following orthopaedic procedures is largely undescribed. Our aim was to investigate the in vitro effects of CHX on primary fibroblasts, myoblasts, and osteoblasts.Methods: Cells were exposed to CHX dilutions (0%, 0.002%, 0.02%, 0.2%, and 2%) for either a 1, 2, or 3-minute duration. Cell survival was measured using a cytotoxicity assay (Cell Counting Kit-8). Cell migration was measured using a scratch assay: a “scratch” was made in a cell monolayer following CHX exposure, and time to closure of the scratch was measured.Results: All cells exposed to CHX dilutions of ≥ 0.02% for any exposure duration had cell survival rates of less than 6% relative to untreated controls (p < 0.001). Cells exposed to CHX dilution of 0.002% all had significantly lower survival rates relative to control (p < 0.01) with the exception of 1-minute exposure to fibroblasts, which showed 96.4% cell survival (p = 0.78). Scratch defect closure was seen in < 24 hours in all control conditions. However, cells exposed to CHX dilutions ≥ 0.02% had scratch defects that remained open indefinitely.Conclusions: The clinically used concentration of CHX (2%) permanently halts cell migration and significantly reduces survival of in vitro fibroblasts, myoblasts, and osteoblasts. Further in vivo studies are required to examine and optimize CHX safety and efficacy when applied near open incisions or intra-wound application.

scholarly journals The influence of beryllium on cell survival rates in theIn-vitro culture system, on intracellular DNA synthesis and on SRBC-IgM antibody production responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Yoshida ◽  
Syogo Shima ◽  
Hideki Kurita ◽  
Kaoru Nagaoka ◽  
Hiroshige Taniwaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Igm Antibody

Comparison of cell survival rates of E. coli K12 and L. acidophilus undergoing spray drying

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pispan ◽  
C.J. Hewitt ◽  
A.G.F. Stapley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
E Coli

A canine model of septic shock: balancing animal welfare and scientific relevance

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. H2487-H2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Minneci ◽  
Katherine J. Deans ◽  
Bernie Hansen ◽  
Chantal Parent ◽  
Chris Romines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Control Regimen ◽  
Oxygen Gradients ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Alveolar Oxygen ◽  
Renal Abnormalities

A shock canine pneumonia model that permitted relief of discomfort with the use of objective criteria was developed and validated. After intrabronchial Staphylococcus aureus challenge, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, sedatives, and analgesics were titrated based on algorithms for 96 h. Increasing S. aureus (1 to 8 × 109 colony-forming units/kg) produced decreasing survival rates ( P = 0.04). From 4 to 96 h, changes in arterial-alveolar oxygen gradients, mean pulmonary artery pressure, IL-1, serum sodium levels, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support were ordered based on survival time [acute nonsurvivors (≤24 h until death, n = 8) ≥ subacute nonsurvivors (>24 to 96 h until death, n = 8) ≥ survivors (≥96 h until death, n = 22) (all P < 0.05)]. In the first 12 h, increases in lactate and renal abnormalities were greatest in acute nonsurvivors (all P < 0.05). Compared with survivors, subacute nonsurvivors had greater rises in cytokines and liver enzymes and greater falls in platelets, white cell counts, pH, and urine output from 24 to 96 h (all P < 0.05). Importantly, these changes were not attributable to dosages of sedation, which decreased in nonsurvivors [survivors vs. nonsurvivors: 5.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ± 0.7 ml·h−1·(fentanyl/midazolam/ medetomidine)−1; P = 0.02]. In this model, the pain control regimen did not mask changes in metabolic function and lung injury or the need for more hemodynamic and pulmonary support related to increasing severity of sepsis. The integration into this model of both specific and supportive titrated therapies routinely used in septic patients may provide a more realistic setting to evaluate therapies for sepsis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Semi-Automated Bioreactors for In Vitro Propagation of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Eucario Mancilla-Álvarez ◽  
Juan Antonio Pérez-Sato ◽  
Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana ◽  
José L. Spinoso-Castillo ◽  
Jericó J. Bello-Bello
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Solid Culture ◽  
Solid Culture Medium ◽  
Semi Solid

Taro is important for its nutritional content, medicinal use, and bioethanol production. The aim of the present study was to compare different semi-automated bioreactors (SABs) during in vitro multiplication of C. esculenta. The SABs used were temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs), SETIS™ bioreactors and ebb-and-flow bioreactors; semi-solid culture medium was used as a control treatment. At 30 d of culture, different developmental variables, determination of chlorophyll, stomatal content, and survival percentage during acclimatization were evaluated. SABs increased the shoot multiplication rate relative to the semi-solid medium; however, the SETIS™ bioreactor showed the highest shoot production, with 36 shoots per explant, and the highest chlorophyll content. The stomatal index was higher in the semi-solid medium compared to the SABs, while the percentage of closed stomata was higher in the SABs than in the semi-solid culture medium. The survival rate during acclimatization showed no differences among the culture systems assessed, obtaining survival rates higher than 99%. In conclusion, the SETIS™ bioreactor showed the highest multiplication rate; however, other bioreactor alternatives are available for semi-automation and cost reduction for micropropagation of C. esculenta.

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