A Case Report of ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Recombinant Vaccine Related Granuloma Annulare

Background: Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory skin condition of unknown origin that may occur following multiple etiological triggers. GA incited secondary to vaccinations has been rarely reported in the medical literature. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced extensive global immunization against the SARS-COV-2 virus, bringing a gamut of vaccine-related complications. We elucidate a case report of the spontaneous eventuality of GA following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Recombinant Vaccine. Case Report: A healthy 26-year male presented with a one-week history of asymptomatic single, flesh-pink patch with a raised margin over his left ventral forearm. On close examination, the margin of the lesion had multiple annularly arranged papules. Biopsy of lesion was done, and histopathology revealed numerous palisading granulomas in the dermis consistent with findings of localized GA. The patient was managed with once-daily external application high potent topical corticosteroids, which was used intermittently by the patient. However, the lesion showed spontaneous resolution in one month. Conclusion: Identifying ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Vaccine-related adverse events following its first dose is paramount, as evidence of the proportion of local or systemic severe cutaneous adverse skin reaction (SCAR) on subsequent dosing is a paucity. A more extensive systematic review corroborating SCARs and safety profile following immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine prevails to be the need of the hour.

Recombinant Lloviu virus as a model to study inaccessible zoonotic viruses

Next generation sequencing has revealed the presence of many RNA viruses in animal reservoir hosts, including many closely related to known human pathogens. Despite their zoonotic potential, many of these viruses remain understudied due to not yet being cultured. While reverse genetic systems can facilitate virus rescue, this is often hindered by missing viral genome ends. A prime example is Lloviu virus (LLOV), an uncultured filovirus that is closely related to the highly pathogenic Ebola virus. Using minigenome systems, we complemented the missing LLOV genomic ends and identified cis-acting elements required for LLOV replication that were lacking in the published sequence. We leveraged these data to generate recombinant full-length LLOV clones and rescue infectious virus. Recombinant LLOV (rLLOV) displays typical filovirus features, as shown by electron microscopy. Known target cells of Ebola virus, including macrophages and hepatocytes, are permissive to rLLOV infection, suggesting that humans could be potential hosts. However, inflammatory responses in human macrophages, a hallmark of Ebola virus disease, are not induced by rLLOV. We also used rLLOV to test antivirals targeting multiple facets of the replication cycle. Rescue of uncultured viruses of pathogenic concern represents a valuable tool in our arsenal against pandemic preparedness.

An overview of vaccine development for COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to endanger world health and the economy. The causative SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a unique replication system. The end point of the COVID-19 pandemic is either herd immunity or widespread availability of an effective vaccine. Multiple candidate vaccines – peptide, virus-like particle, viral vectors (replicating and nonreplicating), nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), live attenuated virus, recombinant designed proteins and inactivated virus – are presently under various stages of expansion, and a small number of vaccine candidates have progressed into clinical phases. At the time of writing, three major pharmaceutical companies, namely Pfizer and Moderna, have their vaccines under mass production and administered to the public. This review aims to investigate the most critical vaccines developed for COVID-19 to date.

OPTIMIZATION OF CULTIVATION CONDITION OF SUBTYPE H5 FLU VIRUS

This study looks into optimal conditions for cultivating the recombinant strains of subtype H5 influenza virus. The study results in establishing optimal conditions (inoculation dose, incubation temperature, incubation time, and chicken embryos’ age) for growing the influenza virus. This study establishes optimum conditions for cultivating the A/Sichuan/26221/2014(H5N6)-PR8-IDCDC-RG42A and A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014(H5N8)-PR8-IDCDC-RG43A subtype H5 influenza virus recombinant strains in embryonated chicken eggs. Data on culturing influenza virus recombinant strains presented herein indicates that they can be used in developing subtype H5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza vaccines. The results of this research will serve as a basis for developing a new inactivated emulgated vaccine following the process previously used by RIBSP to design its commercial vaccine. These optimum conditions are an infective dose of 10000 EID50/0.2 cm3, an incubation temperature of 36±0.50С, an embryo age of 10 days for cultivating the recombinant strain A/Sichuan/26221/2014(H5N6)-PR8-IDCDC-RG42A. Using these culturing conditions allows a stable production of virus-containing materials with an infectivity level of not less than 8.45±0.24 log EID50/cm3, which is fully consistent with requirements for producing inactivated vaccines for avian influenza. And optimal conditions for growing recombinant strain A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014(H5N8)-PR8-IDCDC-RG43A in 10 days embryonated chicken eggs with the infective dose 100000 EID50 in the incubation temperature 350С. These optimum conditions are helping culturing a stable production of virus-containing materials with an infectivity level of not less than 8.74±0.06 log EID50/cm3, which is fully consistent with requirements for producing inactivated vaccines for recombinant strain A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014(H5N8)-PR8-IDCDC-RG43A. Аn optimum incubation time of 48 hours, and relative air humidity of 55±5% for cultivating both recombinant strains.

Frontrunners in the race to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Numerous studies continue to be published on the COVID-19 pandemic that is being caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Given the rapidly evolving global response to SARS-CoV-2, here we primarily review the leading COVID-19 vaccine strategies that are currently in Phase III clinical trials. Non-replicating viral vector strategies, inactivated virus, recombinant protein subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccine platforms are all being pursued in an effort to combat the infection. Preclinical and clinal trial results of these efforts are examined as well as the characteristics of each vaccine strategy from the humoral and cellular immune responses they stimulate, effects of any adjuvants used, and the potential risks associated with immunization such as antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). A number of promising advancements have been made toward the development of multiple vaccine candidates. Preliminary data now emerging from phase III clinical trials show encouraging results for the protective efficacy and safety of at least three frontrunning candidates. There is hope that one or more will emerge as potent weapons to protect against SARS-CoV-2.

Assessment of the Impact of the Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Horsens Strain on the Reproductive Performance in Pregnant Sows

This study assessed the impact of a PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) recombinant strain (Horsens strain) on the reproductive performance of naïve pregnant sows in the last third of gestation. Fifteen sows were included: four negative reproductive controls (NTX), five infected with a PRRSV-1 field strain (Olot/91, T01), and six infected with the recombinant PRRSV-1 strain (Horsens strain, T02). Piglets were monitored until weaning. Reproductive performance was the primary variable. In sows, viremia and nasal shedding (T01 and T02 groups), and, in piglets, viral load in blood and in lungs, as well as macroscopic lung lesions (T01 and T02 groups), were the secondary variables. The reproductive performance results were numerically different between the two challenged groups. Moreover, viral loads in blood were 1.83 × 106 ± 9.05 × 106 copies/mL at farrowing, 1.05 × 107 ± 2.21 × 107 copies/mL at weaning from piglets born from T01 animals and 1.64 × 103 ± 7.62 × 103 copies/mL at farrowing, 1.95 × 103 ± 1.17 × 104 copies/mL at weaning from piglets born from T02 sows. Overall, 68.8% of T01 piglets and 38.1% of T02 piglets presented mild lung lesions. In conclusion, the results suggest that Horsens strain is less virulent than the field strain Olot/91 under these experimental conditions.

NOVEL VACCINIA VIRUS RECOMBINANT FOR HUMAN SOLID TUMORS THERAPY – PRECLINICAL TRIALS RESULTS

A double recombinant vaccinia virus VV-GMCSF-Lact, producing human GM-CSF and oncotoxic protein lactaptin, was constructed. Preclinical studies of VV-GMCSF-Lact as an antitumor drug for human solid tumors therapy were successfully completed. The drug is recommended for clinical trials.