scholarly journals Review of the Current Landscape of the Potential of Nanotechnology for Future Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccination Strategies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Arnau Guasch-Girbau ◽  
Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Current State ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Economic Landscape ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
New Strategies

Malaria eradication has for decades been on the global health agenda, but the causative agents of the disease, several species of the protist parasite Plasmodium, have evolved mechanisms to evade vaccine-induced immunity and to rapidly acquire resistance against all drugs entering clinical use. Because classical antimalarial approaches have consistently failed, new strategies must be explored. One of these is nanomedicine, the application of manipulation and fabrication technology in the range of molecular dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, to the development of new medical solutions. Here we review the current state of the art in malaria diagnosis, prevention, and therapy and how nanotechnology is already having an incipient impact in improving them. In the second half of this review, the next generation of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinical pipeline is presented, with a definition of these drugs’ target product profiles and an assessment of the potential role of nanotechnology in their development. Opinions extracted from interviews with experts in the fields of nanomedicine, clinical malaria, and the economic landscape of the disease are included to offer a wider scope of the current requirements to win the fight against malaria and of how nanoscience can contribute to achieve them.

scholarly journals The Role of P-Selectin in COVID-19 Coagulopathy: An Updated Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7942
Author(s):  
Chiara Agrati ◽  
Alessandra Sacchi ◽  
Eleonora Tartaglia ◽  
Alessandra Vergori ◽  
Roberta Gagliardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Current State ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Leucocyte Recruitment

In severe COVID-19, which is characterized by blood clots and neutrophil-platelet aggregates in the circulating blood and different tissues, an increased incidence of cardiovascular complications and venous thrombotic events has been reported. The inflammatory storm that characterizes severe infections may act as a driver capable of profoundly disrupting the complex interplay between platelets, endothelium, and leukocytes, thus contributing to the definition of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. In this frame, P-selectin represents a key molecule expressed on endothelial cells and on activated platelets, and contributes to endothelial activation, leucocyte recruitment, rolling, and tissue migration. Briefly, we describe the current state of knowledge about P-selectin involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis, its possible use as a severity marker and as a target for host-directed therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals The work of Boris Martos “Theory of Cooperation” and the modern coopera-tive movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (94) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
M. Shulskyi
Keyword(s):  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Cooperative Movement ◽  
Current State ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Economic Work ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Basic Features

The article examines the main components of the work of Boris Martos “Theory of Cooperation” and compares the results of research with the current state of development of the cooperative movement. The main attention was focused on the main material of the study on: the general foundations of the formation of cooperatives, the need, purpose and role of capital in their activities; basic features and principles of functioning of cooperatives; mechanism for meeting the needs of members of the cooperative; some secondary or derivative features of the cooperative. According to B. Martos, “Cooperation is one of the ways to improve the welfare of the lower strata of society by freeing them from exploitation by the capitalists. Almost every theorist of cooperation gives his more or less accurate definition of this concept. However, in order to give an accurate scientific definition of this phenomenon in society, we must first establish the basic features that characterize the cooperative, distinguishing it from other social phenomena. This spatial quote from the work of B. Martos permeates all components of his economic work, the essence and content of which was at the center of our research. Each statement and statement of B. Martos was compared with the current realities of the cooperative movement and on the basis of which it was proposed to use the work of a scientist to improve the efficiency of cooperative relations in modern economic conditions.

scholarly journals Project Financing per il recupero funzionale ad uso ricettivo del “Forte dei Pianelloni” di Lerici

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Frroku ◽  
Massimo Rovai ◽  
Caterina Calvani
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
The Public ◽  
Current State ◽  
Financial Feasibility ◽  
Private Entity ◽  
Definition Of

Project Financing for functional recovery of the “Forte dei Pianelloni” in LericiThe central theme is the Project Financing, a complex financial instrument that can potentially be used to give a new life to a state property with a strong historical and architectural value and in a state of neglect, through the use of public-private partnerships. This evaluation technique makes it possible to understand the economic and financial feasibility of an intervention both for the owner of the asset (the public) and for the private entity that puts the resources for the requalification / restructuring and will own the profits from the management of the asset. Therefore, assuming the role of a Private Financial Promoter, I developed the Preliminary Project and the Feasibility Study with reference to two possible uses. The work was divided in two parts: in the first part the Preliminary Project was a reworking of an architectural relief kindly lent by the municipality of Lerici to expose the current state of the structure adding also hints of history. Then I made two proposals: one hypothesis is a fancy project with Resorts & Suites and the other is a more affordable one with Hostel & Camping; I considered also the differences between the two proposals. To develop the work, the use of a drone for inspections and a 3D printing to create the plastics were also experimented. In the second part that consists in the Feasibility Study was developed through an analysis of the possible positioning on the market with respect to the project hypotheses, the definition of the restructuring, management and maintenance costs. There were also analyzed other fortifications in the Gulf of Spezia, that were already reconverted in other uses. This study highlights the economic and financial feasibility of both design assumptions.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL PROVISION OFHOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Oksana KVASNYTSIA
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Introduction. The issue of providing humanity with food rightly holds one of the leading places in the hierarchy of global problems. Food safety of a country is an indispensable condition and guarantees its sovereignty and independence, ensuring its sustainable social and economic development, population’s high level and quality oflife and reproduction ofhuman capital. The purpose of the article is to assess the state of food security of Ukraine, the definition of the role of households in ensuring food security and the justification of directions for improving financial leverage in the context of the implementation of Ukraine’s agricultural and food potential. Main results of the study. For Ukraine, the problem of ensuring food security is of particular importance, which is conditioned by the current state of development of the domestic agricultural and industrial complex, the increase of production in which is carried out mainly by an extensive way. The most important conditions for achieving food security are: the potential physical availability of food for every person; economic opportunity of purchasing food by all social groups of the population, including disadvantaged ones, which is achieved by raising the standard of living or implementing the necessary measures of social security; consumption of high quality products in quantities sufficient forrational nutrition. In order to increase the food security financial support, it is necessary to improve the financial component of the comprehensive food security mechanism, which aims at ensuring the application of economic instruments and creating conditions for attracting monetary resources for the functioning ofthe food security system through the creation of amulti-channel financing system. Conclusions. Therefore, the main directions of improving the financial system for the purpose of ensuring food security ofthe country are: availability of financial and credit support to agricultural producers; introduction of innovations in agricultural production; regulation of conditions for foreign and domestic food trade through a system of tariff and non-tariff instruments; systemic measures to strengthen and extend the life expectancyofthe population, wages and salaryincrease.

Nanoionics - the Developing Informative System. Part. 2. From the First Works to the Current State of Nanoionics Abroad

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 463-484
Author(s):  
A.L. Despotuli ◽  
◽  
A.V. Andreeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Management ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Dynamic Information ◽  
Strategic Innovation ◽  
Current State ◽  
System Part ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
With Memory

A critical review presents the stages of formation, development, and current state of nanoionics in Russia and the world. Nanoionics is considered as a developing information system; its history is analyzed in terms of dynamic information theory and in the frame of strategic innovation management. The second part of the review presents in the brief form a panoramic view of nanoionics development abroad. An extended definition of the scientific direction of "nanoionics" is given. Since the foreign literature on the subject of the review is extensive, the results of works in which the term "nanoionics" appears in the title, annotations, and keywords are mainly considered. More detailed analysis is given of the works that have seriously influenced the development of nanoionics and will determine its future. The development of nanoionic devices with memory function, Li-ion batteries, and fuel cells is considered. The important role of the creation of stable interface boundaries in nanoionic devices (on which electrochemical reactions take place) is emphasized. New areas of research such as nanoarchitectonics and iontronics are critically analyzed. On a comparative basis, a scheme for the correct introduction of the new scientific term is proposed.

Neonatal Bilirubin Workshop

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-540
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Gartner ◽  
Charlotte S. Catz ◽  
Sumner J. Yaffe
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Jaundice ◽  
Early Discharge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Current State ◽  
Bilirubin Metabolism ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Bilirubin Toxicity

A neonatal bilirubin workshop took place at The Rockefeller University on June 20 through 22, 1993 to consider controversial issues in the field of neonatal jaundice and bilirubin neurotoxicity, particularly as they relate to management. The conference was sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Center for Mothers and Children), The Rockefeller University, and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (Italy). tk;4Presentations and discussion emphasized diagnosis, biochemistry, and mechanisms of bilirubin toxicity, the definition and consequences of kernicterus, and the appropriateness and safety of the various therapies currently in use. Identification of future research needs was an important agenda item. The conferees agreed that conventional management of jaundice in the newborn with phototherapy and exchange transfusion, as well as with phenobarbital in certain situations, had significantly reduced the occurrence of "traditional" kernicterus. However, the conferees acknowledged that the classical definition of kernicterus was in need of re-examination in view of the potential of bilirubin as a CNS toxin. Early discharge of newborns from the hospital has significantly altered diagnostic and therapeutic management of neonatal jaundice, transforming it into an outpatient problem. This transformation raises new questions regarding the best time to ascertain the cause(s) of jaundice and to identify risk factors to insure optimal management of the infant. Review of the current state of knowledge of bilirubin metabolism focused on new methods for measurement of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin, measurement of bilirubin synthesis rates, the molecular biology of bilirubin conjugation and the developmental role of the family of enzymes known as glucuronyl transferase(s), and the role of genetic and other host factors in determining the safety or toxicity of bilirubin in the newborn.

W stronę naukowości prawa w turystyce – zagadnienia wybrane

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-246
Author(s):  
Monika Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Scientific Staff ◽  
Current State ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Scientific Personnel ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Institutional Status ◽  
Definition Of

The aim of the article is to present some arguments in favor of independence of laws in tourism. It seems that the current development of tourism tends to reflect the dilemma whether we can today speak of a law in tourism and, if so, whether we should grant the tourism law a scientific status. The article focuses on selected issues of scientific tourism and law in tourism. The first part deals with the concept of scientific definition of tourism and laws in tourism as well as points which are problematic in formulating a definition of these two terms. In the second part, the author includes her considerations concerning the areas of institutional status of the law in tourism. In the section dealing with the institutional status, she points to scientific centres in which research is carried out in the area of law in tourism, refers to the current state of development of scientific staff, evaluates the degree of integration of the scientific community and mentions the important role of scientific institutions in the training of scientific personnel for the needs of the tourist market. A little on the sidelines of these comments, the author focuses on selected problems and methodological terms, the issues representing only a marginal topic the discussion.

scholarly journals Action representations in robotics: A taxonomy and systematic classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 518-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Zech ◽  
Erwan Renaudo ◽  
Simon Haller ◽  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Justus Piater
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Robots ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Current State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Action Representations

Understanding and defining the meaning of “action” is substantial for robotics research. This becomes utterly evident when aiming at equipping autonomous robots with robust manipulation skills for action execution. Unfortunately, to this day we still lack both a clear understanding of the concept of an action and a set of established criteria that ultimately characterize an action. In this survey, we thus first review existing ideas and theories on the notion and meaning of action. Subsequently, we discuss the role of action in robotics and attempt to give a seminal definition of action in accordance with its use in robotics research. Given this definition we then introduce a taxonomy for categorizing action representations in robotics along various dimensions. Finally, we provide a meticulous literature survey on action representations in robotics where we categorize relevant literature along our taxonomy. After discussing the current state of the art we conclude with an outlook towards promising research directions.

scholarly journals Battered woman syndrome: updating the expert checklist

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Glancy ◽  
Marissa Heintzman ◽  
Adam Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Battered Woman ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Battered Woman Syndrome ◽  
Current State ◽  
Subsequent Section ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Contrary Evidence

The aim of this article is to examine the current state of the battered woman syndrome (BWS) defence in Canada and propose an update to the list of factors considered by experts evaluating the applicability of the defence to individual cases. The history and current legal definition of the defence are presented, and theories relating to BWS are summarized. Factors required of expert testimony in BWS cases are presented; cases relevant to the development of the defence that highlight these assessment factors are discussed. In a subsequent section, limitations of the defence and the role of the expert are explored. The PTSD Checklist (used in clinician diagnosis) is summarized before an updated, BWS-specific expert checklist is proposed. The updated checklist proposes six elements to be considered by an expert assessing a BWS case: 1. environmental factors, 2. attempts to leave or alter the situation, 3. risk factors of the abuser, 4. risk factors of the victim, 5. triggers for violence, and 6. contrary evidence. It is hoped that using this checklist will help experts to cover all the essential elements they must consider in order to conclude that a woman satisfies the criteria for BWS. In particular, this updated checklist will help experts to prepare comprehensive testimony that addresses the five issues defined by Justice Wilson as the expert’s duty to assess. In addition, this checklist will help experts present a firm foundation for a defence regarding the critical question of why the night of the offence was different from all other nights.

scholarly journals Crossing the Vacuolar Rubicon: Structural Insights into Effector Protein Trafficking in Apicomplexan Parasites

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal F. Egea
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Parasitophorous Vacuole ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Current State ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Causative Agents

Apicomplexans form a large phylum of parasitic protozoa, including the genera Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium, the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. They cause diseases not only in humans but also in animals, with dramatic consequences in agriculture. Most apicomplexans are vacuole-dwelling and obligate intracellular parasites; as they invade the host cell, they become encased in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) derived from the host cellular membrane. This creates a parasite–host interface that acts as a protective barrier but also constitutes an obstacle through which the pathogen must import nutrients, eliminate wastes, and eventually break free upon egress. Completion of the parasitic life cycle requires intense remodeling of the infected host cell. Host cell subversion is mediated by a subset of essential effector parasitic proteins and virulence factors actively trafficked across the PV membrane. In the malaria parasite Plasmodium, a unique and highly specialized ATP-driven vacuolar secretion system, the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX), transports effector proteins across the vacuolar membrane. Its core is composed of the three essential proteins EXP2, PTEX150, and HSP101, and is supplemented by the two auxiliary proteins TRX2 and PTEX88. Many but not all secreted malarial effector proteins contain a vacuolar trafficking signal or Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) that requires processing by an endoplasmic reticulum protease, plasmepsin V, for proper export. Because vacuolar parasitic protein export is essential to parasite survival and virulence, this pathway is a promising target for the development of novel antimalarial therapeutics. This review summarizes the current state of structural and mechanistic knowledge on the Plasmodium parasitic vacuolar secretion and effector trafficking pathway, describing its most salient features and discussing the existing differences and commonalities with the vacuolar effector translocation MYR machinery recently described in Toxoplasma and other apicomplexans of significance to medical and veterinary sciences.

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