Fundamentals of scientific research

The textbook outlines the concepts and methods of conducting scientific research and presenting their results. The fundamentals of scientific thinking and methodological foundations of scientific research are considered. The process of scientific research, methods of obtaining and analyzing data, collecting and summarizing scientific information, the sequence of the process of scientific research are described. The approaches, methods, rules and norms of preparation of reports on the results of scientific research, scientific articles and dissertations are described. The organization, financing of scientific research and training of scientific personnel in the Russian Federation, the organization of research work of students, the principles of scientific ethics are characterized. Recommendations for the preparation of final qualifying papers and dissertations are given. The textbook includes topics and questions, the study of which is necessary to master the competencies provided for by the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of the enlarged group of training areas 38.00.00 "Economics and Management".

95th Anniversary of the First Russian Society of Orthopedic Surgeons

95 years ago, namely on October 12, 1926, through the efforts of 27 founders, including professors G.I. Turner, A.L. Polenov, R.R. Vreden and G.A. Albrecht, the first scientific society of orthopedic surgeons of Leningrad and the Leningrad region was created in our country, which continues to be an indispensable platform for the training of scientific personnel, the exchange of practical experience and research results directed by authoritative figures of domestic traumatology and orthopedics, the successors of the Leningrad school of orthopedic surgeons. The article summarizes the results of the societys work during four periods of its activity: the first period of formation (19261933), the second period work in the pre-war, war and post-war years (19341950), the third period the intensive development of traumatology and orthopedics (19501990) and the fourth period the modern rapid development of the specialty (since 1990). The main aim of the current activity and new areas of work are formulated.

On the Issue of the Reproduction of Scientific Personnel

One of the priority issues in the development of the country’s scientific and technological sphere is reproduction and increasing the role of human capital in an innovative economy. The difficulties of becoming a scientist in current Russian conditions are discussed. The special role of the family in the start of a scientific career and the decline in institutional support from the state are emphasized. Internal and external factors that hinder the process of reproduction of research personnel are considered. One of such key factors is the general decline in the authority and prestige of science in the country, which affects the motivational component of young people when choosing the profession of a scientist. It is shown that the creation of optimal conditions - both material support and maintenance of the environment and the preservation of the values of intellectual labor, as well as the presence of development prospects in the profession for young people are important components of the process of reproduction of scientific personnel.

Formation of Soviet Postgraduate Studies in History in USSR in 1930s: Legislative Regulation and Practice

The formation of the institute of postgraduate studies in history in the USSR in the 1930s is examined in the article. The sources used are published legislative acts, journalistic materials, archival data. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the proposed problem was often considered in the context of the history of scientific and scientific and educational institutions or exclusively through regulatory legal acts without taking into account the practice that actually existed and developed under the influence of the community of scientists. Using the materials of curricula for the training of graduate students of Moscow University, Leningrad University, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as using the individual plans of graduate students, the author proves that the older generation of historians sought to integrate pre-revolutionary standards and mechanisms for training dissertation candidates into the new conditions of Soviet power. It is stated in the article that, despite the publication of numerous decrees, instructions, rules by government structures in relation to the institute of graduate school in the 1930s, there were no clear recommendations on the nature of the process of training scientific personnel. Supervisors of post graduate students, as a rule, themselves determined the scope of requirements for applicants. The author reveals the relative freedom of historians in determining the conditions and scientific criteria for entering the scientific community of neophytes.

Nicaraguan volcanic monitoring program of the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales

The Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) is the institution responsible for volcano monitoring in Nicaragua. The Volcanology Division of the General Directorate of Geology and Geophysics currently monitors six active volcanoes by means of seismology, gas measurements, optical webcams, and visual and satellite observations. The volcano monitoring network that INETER maintains is in continuous expansion and modernization. Similarly, the number of technical and scientific personnel has been growing in the last few years. 2015 was the busiest year of the last two decades: Momotombo volcano erupted for the first time in 110 years, a lava lake was emplaced at the bottom of Masaya volcano’s Santiago crater, and Telica volcano experienced a phreatic phase from May to November. Although we have increased our monitoring capabilities, we still have many challenges for the near future that we expect to resolve with support from the national and international geoscientific community. El Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) es la institución responsable de la vigilancia volcánica en Nicaragua. Su División de Vulcanología actualmente vigila seis volcanes activos por medio de sismicidad, emisiones de gases, cámaras ópticas, observaciones visuales y teledetección satelital. La red de monitoreo de volcanes que mantiene INETER está en continua expansión y modernización. Del mismo modo, el número de personal técnico y científico ha estado creciendo en los últimos años. El año 2015 fue el año más ocupado que tuvimos en las últimas dos décadas, debido a que el volcán Momotombo entró en erupción por primera vez en los últimos 110 años, se emplazó un lago de lava en el fondo del cráter Santiago (volcán Masaya), y el volcán Telica experimentó una fase freática de mayo a noviembre. A pesar del progreso realizado, todavía tenemos muchos desafíos para el futuro cercano que esperamos lograr con los recursos nacionales y de la comunidad geocientífica internacional.

Postgraduate Professional Education in China: Control Mechanisms and Learning Process

China’s strong economic growth is undoubtedly due to a set of government initiatives, among which the priority projects are the reform of the higher education system. Since the 80s of the last century, the state has paid special attention to the training of scientific personnel. Thanks to far-sighted state planning and strong budget financing, China has created a competitive national system of postgraduate professional education almost from scratch. As a result, if only 9 postgraduate students were trained in 1978, then in 1985 – already 17004, in 1998 – 47077, and in 2018 – 604368. The number of doctorates degrees awarded from 2005 to 2018 more than doubled: from 27,677 to 60,700.The important factors in the formation of the system of postgraduate education is the promulgation of national laws and regulations governing this area of educational activity, a well-built mechanism for managing the work of postgraduate studies and a strict system to control all stages of the educational process for masters and doctoral students. Therefore, this article focuses on the organization of the learning process in Chinese universities and academic institutes, as well as the management mechanism of the national system of training scientific personnel.In addition, according to the data of China's Ministry of education, official statistical information, publications that are publicly available on the Chinese Internet, as well as scientific articles published in major publications around the world, it is shown how the number of universities and academic institutions that train masters and doctoral students, as well as the number of students, admission and graduation of specialists have changed over the past ten years.

Architectonics of Scientific Personnel Training in the Conditions of Postgraduate Study (on the Example of the First Year of Training)

The questions related to postgraduate education as an institution for training scientific personnel, which seeks to create and put into practice its own concept of training graduate students and applicants on the basis of universities are observed in the article. The author considers the architectonics of postgraduate training from the perspective of the quality of educational programs and pedagogical technologies; creating conditions for continuing education through a combination of different forms and methods of education based on the principle of continuity and preservation of the pedagogical potential of all scientific disciplines in teaching of personnel in postgraduate school. Having studied the reasons for low publication activity of postgraduates / applicants in the Transbaikal State University and on the basis of the existing FSES of Higher Education in postgraduate education the author has attempted to create an architectonics of postgraduate training continuity (1st level). On the example of the “Foreign Language” discipline the practical implementation of first-year postgraduates training within the framework of the succession architectonics is shown. The article provides a detailed description of each block of training with an emphasis on the integration of the educational process participants and taught scientific disciplines, analyzes the collected statistical data on the problem in the ZabGU, draws conclusions and forecasts the results. Keywords: architectonics, continuity, postgraduate professional education, scientific personnel, postgraduate school, foreign language, publication activity

Migration of Young Scientists in the Context of Professional Socialization: Key Trends and Regional Disparities

The article presents generalized materials of the analysis of migration attitudes of young scientists in the context of professional socialization. The key research methods were statistical analysis and a sociological survey conducted in the paradigm of qualitative research among young scientists of the Southern Federal District (n = 15). It is concluded that the migration processes of young scientists are caused by the crisis situation of Russian science. Barriers to professional socialization. It is concluded that the vector of interregional migration is particularly relevant for young scientists in the region. The risks of regional disproportion of the concentration of scientific personnel potential are identified, which have a negative impact both on the territorial and spatial development of the region and on the professional socialization of young scientists

Scientific analysis of the functioning of the hardware of the monitoring system of road vehicles

As you know, the system of monitoring of road machines is a developing system, the work of which raises many questions, as well as among specialists who install these systems at the objects of work, as well as persons operating the installed systems of monitoring of road machines. Therefore, this article considers the main types of sensors and other elements of the monitoring system of road machines installed on almost all modern road machines. We will talk about the hardware part of the monitoring system of road machines — these are elements of the system that are installed directly at monitoring facilities. The accuracy and correctness of the installation, the accuracy of data transmission depends on the objectivity of the final information, and therefore the result of the work of the monitoring system of road machines. The monitoring system of road machines is a complex system that has a large number of features in operation. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the main issues on the installation and operation of the hardware of road machines. The article may have a scientific and practical interest not only among persons engaged in the installation and operation of the monitoring system of road machines, but also among scientific personnel engaged in research in this field. Keywords: road machines, monitoring system, sensors, operation of machines, scientific component

Management of Labor Motivation of Research Personnel

The specifics of research and academic profession presuppose special approaches to personnel management and motivation. The selection of adequate motivational tools is often done by trial and error. The paper attempts to substantiate short-term and long-term methods of motivating scientific personnel. The experiment featured the case of a Russian biotechnological company, whose personnel underwent S. Ritchie and P. Martin’s Motivational Profile Test. The dominant factors of job satisfaction included self-development opportunities, recognition, ambitious goals, creative tasks, etc. The authors developed some ways for the further development of methods for motivating research personnel.