scholarly journals Regulation of Botrytis cinerea Infection and Gene Expression in Cut Roses by Using Nano Silver and Salicylic Acid

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1241
Author(s):  
Suong Tuyet Thi Ha ◽  
Yong-Tae Kim ◽  
Yong Ho Jeon ◽  
Hyong Woo Choi ◽  
Byung-Chun In
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Nano Silver ◽  
Rose Petals ◽  
Cut Rose

Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) is one of the necrotrophic pathogens resulting in the heaviest commercial losses in cut rose flowers, and the severity of gray mold disease partly depends on the presence of ethylene during the storage and transport. The effectiveness of nano silver (NS) and salicylic acid (SA) was assessed as a novel control agent in protecting the cut rose flowers against B. cinerea infection and ethylene damages. The efficacy of NS and SA was compared with an inoculated control (CON). A non-treated control (NT) was also used to evaluate the natural infection process. The results indicated that pretreatment with 20 mg L−1 NS significantly reduced B. cinerea growth in rose petals during vase periods. NS effectively suppressed the mRNA levels of ethylene biosynthesis genes (RhACS2, RhACS4, and RhACO1) and the reduction in expression levels of ethylene receptor genes (RhETR1, RhETR2, and RhETR5) and the downstream regulator RhCTR2 in rose petals after B. cinerea inoculation. NS application also decreased the expression of the B. cinerea snod-prot-like 1 (Bcspl1) gene which acts as the virulence factor in cut roses. In NS flowers, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) value was higher and the leaf temperature was lower on day 1, suggesting that these factors can be used for detecting B. cinerea infection and water stress in cut rose flowers. Furthermore, NS improved water relations and extended the vase life of cut rose flowers by 3.3 d, compared with that of NT flowers. In contrast, SA had no inhibitive effects on both B. cinerea growth and ethylene response in cut roses. The findings from the present study highlight NS as a promising new candidate for preventing B. cinerea infection and ethylene damages and for improving the postharvest quality of cut roses exported overseas.

scholarly journals Determining Optimal Electrical Conductivity Levels and Elements for Extended Vase Life of Cut Roses

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-588
Author(s):  
Erin M.R. Clark ◽  
John M. Dole ◽  
Jennifer Kalinowski
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cut Rose

Six experiments were conducted using three cultivars to investigate the impact of water electrical conductivity (EC) and the addition of nutrients to vase solutions on postharvest quality of cut rose (Rosa hybrids) stems. Postharvest quality of cut ‘Freedom’ rose stems was evaluated using solutions containing either distilled water with sodium chloride (DW+NaCl) or DW+NaCl with the addition of a commercial floral preservative (holding solution containing carbohydrates and biocide) to generate a range of EC values (Expts. 1 and 2). The third experiment compared the effect of different EC levels from the salts NaCl, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and calcium chloride (CaCl2). The fourth experiment investigated EC’s impact on rose stems with the addition of two rose cultivars (Charlotte and Classy). When ‘Freedom’ stems were subjected to DW+NaCl, the longest vase life was achieved with 0.5 dS·m–1. The addition of holding solution not only extended vase life but also counteracted the negative effects of high EC with maximum vase life occurring at 1.0 dS·m–1. Furthermore, stems in the holding solution experienced significantly less bent neck and the flowers opened more fully than those in DW. Stems placed in DW with a holding solution also experienced more petal bluing, pigment loss, necrotic edges, and wilting than those held in DW alone. This effect was likely due to increased vase life. Salt solutions containing Na2SO4 and CaCl2 resulted in extended vase life at 1.0 dS·m–1, but increasing salt levels decreased overall vase life. As EC increased, regardless of salt type, water uptake also increased up to a maximum at 0.5 or 1.0 dS·m–1 and then continually declined. Maximum vase life was observed at 1.5 dS·m–1 for cut ‘Charlotte’ stems, and at 1.0 dS·m–1 for ‘Classy’ with the addition of a holding solution. Physiological effects were different based on cultivar, as observed with Charlotte and Freedom flowers that opened further and had less petal browning than Classy flowers. ‘Freedom’ had the greatest pigment loss, but this effect decreased with increasing EC. Further correlational analysis showed that in water-only solutions, initial and final EC accounted for 44% and 41% of the variation in vase life data, respectively, whereas initial pH accounted for 24% of variation. However, the presence of carbohydrates and biocides from the holding solution was found to have a greater effect on overall vase life compared with water pH or EC. Finally, in Expts. 5 and 6, cut ‘Freedom’ stems were subjected to DW solutions containing 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mg·L–1 boron, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, or zinc. None of these solutions increased vase life. Conversely, 10 or 100 mg·L–1 boron and 100 mg·L–1 copper solutions reduced vase life. Finally, the addition of NaCl to a maximum of 0.83 dS·m–1 increased the vase life in all solutions. These analyses highlight the importance of water quality and its elemental constituents on the vase life of cut rose stems and that the use of a holding solution can overcome the negative effects of high EC water.

scholarly journals Postharvest Control of Botrytis cinerea Infections on Cut Roses Using Fungistatic Storage Atmospheres

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Hammer ◽  
S.F. Yang ◽  
M.S. Reid ◽  
J.J. Marois
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Flower Quality ◽  
Postharvest Control ◽  
Cut Rose ◽  
Quality Weight

The effectiveness of fungistatic atmospheres for postharvest control of Botrytis cinerea Pers. infections on cut rose flowers (Rosa hybrids L.) was investigated. Storing cut `Sonia', `Royalty', and `Gold Rush' roses at 2.5C with 10% CO2 for 5 days, followed by 2 days of cold storage in air, reduced the number of B. cinerea lesions that developed on inoculated and noninoculated flower petals by 77% and 82%, respectively, compared to cold storage for 7 days in air. Higher CO2 concentrations and longer CO2 treatment times reduced disease severity further, but resulted in unacceptable leaf discoloration on some cultivars. No deleterious effects of CO2-enriched storage atmospheres on flower quality, weight gain, or vase life were observed. Storage at 2.5C for 7 days in 2 μl SO2/liter reduced B. cinerea infections on inoculated and noninoculated flowers by 53% and 43%, respectively. No deleterious effects on flower quality, weight gain, or vase life were observed. Higher SO2 levels reduced disease severity further, but caused bleaching of the petal margins and necrosis around leaf wounds.

scholarly journals Ethylene Exposure Exacerbates Botrytis Damage in Cut Roses1

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-90
Author(s):  
Ben A. Bergmann ◽  
John M. Dole
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Cut Rose

Abstract Separate experiments showed that current cut rose (Rosa × hybrida) cultivars vary considerably in Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) susceptibility and ethylene (ET) sensitivity. There was no pattern when considering these two traits together for the 26 cultivars used, and neither trait appeared predictive of the other. Four cultivars were identified that included one each that is Botrytis susceptible/ET sensitive, Botrytis non-susceptible/ET sensitive, Botrytis susceptible/ET insensitive, and Botrytis non-susceptible/ET insensitive. Exposing these cultivars to ET often resulted in reduced vase life and more pronounced negative Botrytis responses (flower Botrytis damage, leaf Botrytis incidence, and frequency of termination due to Botrytis). This was true for ET sensitive and insensitive cultivars, Botrytis susceptible and non-susceptible cultivars, Botrytis inoculated and non-inoculated stems, and stems exposed to ET either before or after Botrytis inoculation and incubation. Thus, even if ET is not thought to have a major influence on a given cut rose cultivar in terms of classic negative ET responses (leaf drop, petal wilt, altered opening rate), ET exposure could have a significant negative impact on that cultivar by exacerbating Botrytis damage. Shipping temperatures and methods can have a strong influence on Botrytis damage, with pre-cooling of shipping boxes before cold storage/transport being beneficial. Index words: Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea, cut flowers, floriculture, gray mold, Rosa L. hybrids. Species used in this study: Rose (Rosa × hybrida) focal cultivars ‘Cuenca', ‘Daphnee', ‘Freedom', ‘Vendela'; Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.). Chemicals used in this study: 1-methylcyclopropene (EthylBloc); ethylene; silver thiosulfate.

An Attempt at Biological Control of Blossom Blight of Rose Caused by Botrytis cinerea Using some Local Trichoderma spp. Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
G. Zadehdabagh ◽  
K. Karimi ◽  
M. Rezabaigi ◽  
F. Ajamgard
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Cut Rose

The northern of Khuzestan province in Iran is mainly considered as one of the major areas of miniature rose production. Blossom blight caused by Botrytis cinerea has recently become a serious limiting factor in rose production in pre and post-harvest. In current study, an attempt was made to evaluate the inhibitory potential of some local Trichoderma spp. strains against B. cinerea under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The in vitro results showed that all Trichoderma spp. strains were significantly able to reduce the mycelial growth of the pathogen in dual culture, volatile and non-volatile compounds tests compared with control, with superiority of T. atroviride Tsafi than others. Under in vivo condition, the selected strain of T. atroviride Tsafi had much better performance than T. harzianum IRAN 523C in reduction of disease severity compared with the untreated control. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the application of Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents such as T. atroviride Tsafi can be effective to protect cut rose flowers against blossom blight.

scholarly journals 24-Epibrasinolide Modulates the Vase Life of Lisianthus Cut Flowers by Modulating ACC Oxidase Enzyme Activity and Physiological Responses

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Mohammad Darvish ◽  
Habib Shirzad ◽  
Mohammadreza Asghari ◽  
Parviz Noruzi ◽  
Abolfazl Alirezalu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Oxidase Enzyme

Ethylene is the most important factor playing roles in senescence and deterioration of harvested crops including cut flowers. Brassinosteroids (BRs), as natural phytohormones, have been reported to differently modulate ethylene production and related senescence processes in different crops. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different levels of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on ACC oxidase enzyme activity, the final enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis pathway, vase life, and senescence rate in lisianthus cut flowers. Harvested flowers were treated with EBL (at 0, 3, 6, and 9 µmol/L) and kept at 25 °C for 15 days. The ACC oxidase activity, water absorption, malondialdehyde (MDA) production and vase solution absorption rates, chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and the vase life of the flowers were evaluated during and at the end of storage. EBL at 3 µmol/L significantly (p ≤ 0.01) enhanced the flower vase life by decreasing the ACC oxidase activity, MDA production and senescence rates, and enhancing chlorophyll and anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, relative water content, and vase solution absorption rates. By increasing the concentration, EBL negatively affected the flower vase life and postharvest quality probably via enhancing the ACC oxidase enzyme activity and subsequent ethylene production. EBL at 6 and 9 µmol/L and in a concentration dependent manner, enhanced the ACC oxidase activity and MDA production rate and decreased chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation and water absorption rate. The results indicate that the effects of brassinosteroids on ethylene production and physiology of lisianthus cut flowers is highly dose dependent.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles as Adjuvants and Nanodelivery Systems for mRNA-Based Vaccines

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Iman M. Alfagih ◽  
Basmah Aldosari ◽  
Bushra AlQuadeib ◽  
Alanood Almurshedi ◽  
Mariyam M. Alfagih
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Recent Developments

Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines have shown promise against infectious diseases and several types of cancer in the last two decades. Their promise can be attributed to their safety profiles, high potency, and ability to be rapidly and affordably manufactured. Now, many RNA-based vaccines are being evaluated in clinical trials as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, until recently, their development has been limited by their instability and inefficient in vivo transfection. The nanodelivery system plays a dual function in RNA-based vaccination by acting as a carrier system and as an adjuvant. That is due to its similarity to microorganisms structurally and size-wise; the nanodelivery system can augment the response by the immune system via simulating the natural infection process. Nanodelivery systems allow non-invasive mucosal administration, targeted immune cell delivery, and controlled delivery, reducing the need for multiple administrations. They also allow co-encapsulating with immunostimulators to improve the overall adjuvant capacity. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent developments and applications of biodegradable nanodelivery systems that improve RNA-based vaccine delivery and enhance the immunological response against targeted diseases.

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