Bioactivity-Guided Extract Optimization of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus Leaves and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phillyrin

The aim of this study was to identify the optimal extraction conditions for leaves of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus. Inhibitory effects of various extracts on NO production were compared. Antioxidant evaluations for total phenol and flavonoid contents were carried out using various extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves obtained under optimal extraction conditions that showed the greatest effect on NO production. The optimal method for extracting O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves resulted in an extract named OP OFLE. OP OFLE showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Phillyrin (PH) was isolated as a major compound from OP OFLE by HPLC/DAD analysis. OP OFLE and PH reduced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 and HT-29 cells. To determine the signal pathway involved in the inhibition of NO production, a Western blot analysis was performed. Results showed that OP OFLE decreased phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2 and the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Our results suggest that extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves and its major components have biological activities such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

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Effects of Sibseonsan as an Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Wrinkle, and Skin Whitening Treatment

Journal of Acupuncture Research ◽

10.13045/jar.2020.00024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Na Young Jo

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Cell Line ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Sibseonsan (SSS) is an effective anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkling, and whitening agent.Methods: To determine whether SSS had an anti-inflammatory effect, a murine macrophage cell line was used (RAW 264.7) and production of DPPH, NO, TNF-α, and PGE2 were measured. To ascertain potential anti-wrinkle effects of SSS in these cells, collagenase and elastase production were measured. To verify whether SSS had a whitening effect, tyrosinase activity and DOPA staining were performed using a melanoma cell line (B16/F10).Results: There was no significant reduction in survival of SSS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, up to 400 μg/mL. Free radical scavenging (23.96 ± 1.85%) was observed in RAW 264.7 cells treated with SSS at a concentration of 400 μg/mL. The SSS treatment group (400 μg/mL) significantly inhibited NO production compared with the LPS stimulated treatment group. The SSS treatment of macrophage cells appeared to reduce production of TNF-α in a concentration dependent manner. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of PGE2 by about 25% in the SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group (p = 0.05). Compared with the control, the production of collagenase and elastase in B16/F10 cells treated with SSS (400 μg/mL) was greater by 26.37% and 45.71%, respectively. The SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group showed a significant reduction by about 17% in tyrosinase production in B16/F10 cells. The SSS treatment group showed little change in DOPA staining. Conclusion: SSS extract may be useful for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases and may have anti-wrinkle and whitening effects. These results may support the use of SSS in clinical practice.

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Saussurea lappa Clarke extract exhibits potent antioxidant effect and attenuates neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v19i9.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 1911-1917

Author(s):

Sung-Gyu Lee ◽

Hyun Kang

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Saussurea Lappa ◽

Tnf Α

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory potential of Saussurea lappa Clarke (SLC-EA) extract in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.Methods: Cell viability was measured by using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while antioxidant activity was evaluated by using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate BV-2 microglia. Griess assay was employed to assess nitric oxide (NO) production. iNOS (inducible NO synthase) expression and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) cytokine production were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and immuno blot analysis, respectively.Results: Pretreatment of 100 mg/ml of SLC-EA (p < 0.001) was inhibited Nitric Oxide (NO) by 1 ug/ml of LPS-treated murine BV-2 cells. The expression of iNOS and TNF-α were reduced by SLC-EA concentration dependent manner (p < 0.001 at 100 mg/ml). SLC-EA were scavenged 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of approximately 51.4 μg/ml.Conclusion: The results indicate that SLC-EA extract exhibits strong antioxidant properties and inhibits excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine due probably to the antioxidant phenolic compounds present in SLC-EA extract. Further work in exploring the in-depth mechanisms of SLC-EA extract in regulating inflammatory signaling pathways in treating neuroinflammatory diseases is necessary. Keywords: Saussurea lappa, Antioxidant, Neuroinflammation, Microglia, TNF-α, iNOS

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Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Ethanol Extract of Polygonum cuspidatum as a Mouthwash Component

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x211005255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 1934578X2110052

Author(s):

Eun-Hee Kim ◽

Jin-Cheon Kim ◽

Hye Kyung Kim ◽

Young-Ah Jang

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Raw264.7 Cells ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) has been used as traditional Korean medicine to treat various diseases including asthma, hypertension, cancer, and arteriosclerosis. In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of PC ethanol extract. Persistent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans for up to 23 days was observed when the extract was used at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of PC against S. mutans was 0.2 mg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 10 mg/mL. We compared the antimicrobial activities of S. mutagens cultured with or without PC. Bacterial activity was observed only in the group where RE was not added. The anti-inflammatory effect of PC on RAW264.7 cells was assessed using the MTT assay; changes in nitric oxide (NO) production and inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-6) were measured in the presence of PC. In lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, PC inhibited NO production by 68.6% when used at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 was reduced by PC in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of PC could be used as a mouthwash component with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

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Anti-inflammatory and Matrix Metallopeptidase-1-Inhibitory Effects of the Cassia obtusifolia L. Seed Extract on Particulate Matter-induced Skin

Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology ◽

10.20402/ajbc.2021.0183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 355-363

Author(s):

Jung-Wook Kang ◽

In-Chul Lee

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Cassia Obtusifolia ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Matrix Metallopeptidase ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Cassia obtusifolia L. seed extract (CSE) on particulate matter (PM)-induced skin.Methods: The effects of CSE on cell viability were evaluated using a skin cell line. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects and matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MMP-1)-inhibitory effects of CSE on PM-induced skin, NO and MMP-1 expressions were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Also, the effects of CSE was investigated the induction of IL-8 and TNF-α treated PM on reconstructed human full thickness skin models.Results: It was observed that CSE decreased NO production in PM-induced RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. In addition, CSE decreased the expression of MMP-1 in PM-induced cells in a dose-dependent manner. CSE decreased IL-8 and TNF-α production in a PM-reconstructed human skin model.Conclusion: These results indicate that CSE could be used as a cosmetic material to induce anti-inflammation and inhibition of MMP-1 in PM-induced skin.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Honey Extract

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9081039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1039

Author(s):

Li-Ping Sun ◽

Feng-Feng Shi ◽

Wen-Wen Zhang ◽

Zhi-Hao Zhang ◽

Kai Wang

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Carthamus Tinctorius ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Unique Type ◽

Antioxidant Genes ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Safflower honey is a unique type of monofloral honey collected from the nectar of Carthamus tinctorius L. in the Apis mellifera colonies of northwestern China. Scant information is available regarding its chemical composition and biological activities. Here, for the first time, we investigated this honey’s chemical composition and evaluated its in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Basic physicochemical parameters of the safflower honey samples in comparison to established quality standards suggested that safflower honeys presented a good level of quality. The in vitro antioxidant tests showed that extract from Carthamus tinctorius L. honey (ECH) effectively scavenged DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals. In lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activated murine macrophages inflammatory model, ECH treatment to the cells inhibited the release of nitric oxide and down-regulated the expressions of inflammatory-relating genes (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1). The expressions of the antioxidant genes TXNRD, HO-1, and NQO-1, were significantly boosted in a concentration-dependent manner. ECH decreased the phosphorylation of IκBα and inhibited the nuclear entry of the NF-κB-p65 protein, in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, accompany with the increased expressions of Nrf-2 and HO-1, suggesting that ECH achieved the anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signal transduction and boosting the antioxidant system via activating Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling. These results, taken together, indicated that safflower honey has great potential into developing as a high-quality agriproduct.

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Chemical Composition, and Cytotoxic, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil from Ginseng Leaves

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900637 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rui Jiang ◽

Liwei Sun ◽

Yanbing Wang ◽

Jianzeng Liu ◽

Xiaodan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Annexin V ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, the essential oil of ginseng leaves (EOGL), collected using hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS, contained a complex mixture of aliphatic (69.0%), terpenoid (21.5%) and aromatic compounds (2.4%). Among 54 components identified, the major ones were palmitic acid (36.1%), β-farnesene (15.4%), linoleic acid (9.8%) and phytol (5.6%). In the cytotoxicity study, EOGL exhibited obvious cytotoxic activities against different cancer cell lines, including Hela, A549, ZR-75-1, HT-29, SGC7901 and B16 cells. Furthermore, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay indicated that EOGL can induce late apoptosis of ZR-75-1 cells, and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner (0.9% to 5.6% and 67.4%). In addition to this, we also found that EOGL exhibited weak DPPH radical scavenging (12.0 ± 0.4 mg/mL) and ABTS radical scavenging activities (1.6 ± 0.1 mg/mL), and showed antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The data suggest that EOGL, which possesses important biological activities, especially significant anticancer activity, could be a potential medicinal resource.

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Increased Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Induced Microglia Cells by Spirulina maxima Extract from Ultrasonic Process

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9102144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 2144 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Woon Yong Choi ◽

Jae-Hun Sim ◽

Jung-Youl Lee ◽

Do Hyung Kang ◽

Hyeon Yong Lee

Keyword(s):

Mrna Expression ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Spirulina Maxima ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Quantitative Correlation ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ultrasonic Process ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Low Cytotoxicity ◽

High Concentrations

The Spirulina maxima exact from a non-thermal ultrasonic process (UE) contains 17.5 mg/g of total chlorophyll, compared to 6.24 mg/g of chlorophyll derived from the conventional 70% ethanol extraction at 80 °C for 12 h (EE). The UE also showed relatively low cytotoxicity against murine microglial cells (BV-2) and inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2. The UE also effectively suppresses both mRNA expression and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, TNF-α gene and protein production were most strongly down-regulated, while IL-6 was the least affected by all ranges of treatment concentrations. This work first demonstrated a quantitative correlation between mRNA expression and the production of cytokines, showing that suppression of TNF-α gene expression was most significantly correlated with its secretion. These results clearly proved that the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina extract from a nonthermal ultrasonic process, which yielded high concentrations of intact forms of chlorophylls, were increased two-fold compared to those of conventional extracts processed at high temperature.

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Modulatory Effect of Chelidonium majus Extract and Its Alkaloids on LPS-Stimulated Cytokine Secretion in Human Neutrophils

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25040842 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 842 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sylwia Zielińska ◽

Monika Ewa Czerwińska ◽

Magdalena Dziągwa-Becker ◽

Andrzej Dryś ◽

Mariusz Kucharski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Cytokine Secretion ◽

Human Neutrophils ◽

Root Extract ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Chelidonium Majus ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Cytotoxic Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

High Cytotoxicity

Due to certain differences in terms of molecular structure, isoquinoline alkaloids from Chelidonium majus engage in various biological activities. Apart from their well-documented antimicrobial potential, some phenanthridine and protoberberine derivatives as well as C. majus extract present with anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. In this study, the LC–MS/MS method was used to determine alkaloids, phenolic acids, carboxylic acids, and hydroxybenzoic acids. We investigated five individually tested alkaloids (coptisine, berberine, chelidonine, chelerythrine, and sanguinarine) as well as C. majus root extract for their effect on the secretion of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils). Berberine, chelidonine, and chelerythrine significantly decreased the secretion of TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner. Sanguinarine was found to be the most potent inhibitor of IL-1β secretion. However, the overproduction of IL-8 and TNF-α and a high cytotoxicity for these compounds were observed. Coptisine was highly cytotoxic and slightly decreased the secretion of the studied cytokines. The extract (1.25–12.5 μg/mL) increased cytokine secretion in a concentration-dependent manner, but an increase in cytotoxicity was also noted. The alkaloids were active at very low concentrations (0.625–2.5 μM), but their potential cytotoxic effects, except for chelidonine and chelerythrine, should not be ignored.

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Cytotoxic and Anti- Inflammatory Activities of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from Selected Sea Food Waste Extract on Cell Lines

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 981 ◽

pp. 258-264

Author(s):

Nurul Haida Idrus ◽

Nina Suhaity Azmi ◽

Che Nur Mazadillina Che Zahari ◽

Solachuddin Jauhari Arief Ichwan

Keyword(s):

Dermatan Sulfate ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Keratan Sulfate ◽

Sea Bass ◽

Raw Material ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Dose Dependent

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long unbranched polysaccharide that composed of repeating disaccharide units. They are classified into heparan sulfate (HS), heparin, chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). During the last decade, demand of GAGs were getting increased due to their potential uses. Vertebrate animal, commonly cartilaginous mammalian tissue, were potential producer of GAGs and have the higher number of biological activities extracted from sea bass waste. Sea bass waste from Lates calcarifer was used as the raw material to extract crude GAGs. Different part of sea bass waste such as, gills, viscera and air bladders were used. The higher content of crude GAGs in sea bass waste was used in cytotoxic and inflammatory study. Different concentration of extract GAGs from gills were used ranging between 0.16-20 mg/mL. GAGs from sea bass waste (gills) showed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 cell line in lower concentration. Meanwhile, for anti-inflammatory study GAGs from sea bass waste (gills) showed dose-dependent manner and also reduce NO production in LPS-stimulated cells. This research study concluded that, GAGs from sea bass waste are the alternative source that can be used for cancer and inflammation study.

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Cornus officinalis Ethanolic Extract with Potential Anti-Allergic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3317

Author(s):

Yixian Quah ◽

Seung-Jin Lee ◽

Eon-Bee Lee ◽

Biruk Tesfaye Birhanu ◽

Md. Sekendar Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Cornus Officinalis ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic and chronic inflammatory skin disease. The present study investigates the anti-allergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of Cornus officinalis (COFE) for possible applications in the treatment of AD. COFE inhibits the release of β-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells sensitized with the dinitrophenyl-immunoglobulin E (IgE-DNP) antibody after stimulation with dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.178 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity, result in EC50 values of 1.82, 10.76, and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the extract significantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) through attenuation of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. COFE significantly inhibits TNF-α-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells without cytotoxic effects (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 2-furancarboxaldehyde and loganin are identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, respectively, as the major compounds. Molecular docking analysis shows that loganin, cornuside, and naringenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside could potentially disrupt the binding of IgE to human high-affinity IgE receptors (FceRI). Our results suggest that COFE might possess potential inhibitory effects on allergic responses, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.

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