scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Performance of a Coastal Species Trifolium fragiferum as Affected by a Coexistence with Trifolium repens, NaCl Treatment and Inoculation with Rhizobia

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2196
Author(s):  
Kārlis Dūmiņš ◽  
Una Andersone-Ozola ◽  
Ineta Samsone ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Gederts Ievinsh
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Physiological Performance ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
In The Wild

The aim of the present study was to analyze the growth and physiological performance of two coexisting species, Trifolium fragiferum, and Trifolium repens, under the effect of NaCl and rhizobial symbiosis. Seeds of T. fragiferum and T. repens were collected from populations in the wild, and plants were cultivated in an automated greenhouse, two plants per container. Three basic types of planting were performed: (1) both plants were T. fragiferum (single species), (2) one T. fragiferum and one T. repens (species coexistence), (3) both plants were T. repens (single species). For every basic type, three subtypes were made: (1) non-inoculated, (2) inoculated with rhizobia taken from T. fargiferum, (3) inoculated with rhizobia taken from T. repens. For every subtype, half of the containers were used as control, and half were treated with NaCl. Shoot fresh mass of plants was significantly (p < 0.001) affected by species coexistence, inoculant, and NaCl. Three significant two-way interactions on plant shoot growth were found: between species coexistence and NaCl (p < 0.001), inoculant and species (p < 0.05), and NaCl and species (p < 0.001). A significant three-way interaction between inoculant, NaCl, and species (p < 0.001) indicated different responses of shoot growth of the two species to inoculant type and NaCl. NaCl treatment was an important factor for T. fragiferum, resulting in better growth in conditions of species coexistence, but the positive effect of bacterial inoculant was significantly more pronounced. A decrease in peroxidase activity in leaves was a good indicator of relative NaCl tolerance, while the absence/presence of rhizobial inoculation was reflected by changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration and photochemical activity of photosystem II. It can be concluded that interaction between biotic and abiotic factors affected the outcome of the coexistence of the two Trifolium species. Distribution of T. fragiferum in sea-affected habitats seems to be related to a higher competitive ability with allied species at increased substrate salinity, based on better physiological salinity tolerance.

How Giraffes Work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Social Biology ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Biological Milieu

There are few creatures more beautiful, more aloof, and more fascinating than giraffes. Once they were plentiful and filled African landscapes, but in 2016 they were re-classified from “least concern” to “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Their survival in the wild is not assured. Much has been written about their private lives, about their behavior, social biology, and ecology, and their history in art and diplomacy. But so far no book has been written about their private lives, their physiology, and their anatomy and biochemistry—in short, the normal functions of a free-living animal in its natural environment—and it is these aspects of their lives that are the focus of this book. The study of a single species could be concise and relatively simply told. In reality it is not. A species never evolves in isolation from the general biological milieu in which it finds itself. Tectonics, astronomical physics, climate, and purely biological factors affecting food and water resources all shape the path of their evolution and all interact with its morphology, its internal physiological and biochemical systems, and the behavior patterns that regulate its daily life. Giraffes are no exception, as is revealed as the story told here unfolds. How do giraffes work? The answers lie in a story filled not only with the internal workings of a unique creature, but with geography, climate changes of great magnitude, and the labors of extraordinary people who put many pieces of the puzzle together.

Clinal Variation in Electrophoretic and Morphological Characters between Two Nominal Species of the Genus Pseudomugil (Pisces : Atheriniformes : Pseudomugilidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Hadfield ◽  
V Ivantsoff ◽  
PG Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
Eastern Australia

Electrophoretic and morphological comparisons were made between 14 populations representing the major part of the known range of the nominal fish species, Pseudomugil signifer Kner and Pseudomugil signatus (Gunther), described from the fresh and brackish waters of eastern Australia. Analysis by principal components was used to assess the morphological data. .Clinal variation revealed in 10 morphological characters and at two enzyme loci was found to bridge most of the previously described differences between species. The type material of P. signatus afinis from the Low Isles, Queensland, was re-examined and did not appear to differ morphologically from the coastal species. It is therefore suggested that the populations studied represent a single species Pseudomugil signifer Kner.

Biotic and abiotic drivers of dipterocarp seedling survival following mast fruiting in Malaysian Borneo

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Oshima ◽  
Yuji Tokumoto ◽  
Michiko Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Survival Data ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Mast Fruiting ◽  
General Flowering

Abstract:South-East Asian tropical rain forests experience sporadic, but profuse, seed production after general flowering, leading to the synchronous emergence of various seedlings and subsequent seedling dynamics, which play a crucial role in determining species distribution and coexistence. We examined the relative importance of both biotic (initial height, conspecific seedling density) and abiotic (canopy openness, per cent sand, soil water content) drivers using survival data for 1842 seedlings of 12 dipterocarp species for 1.5 y following mast fruiting in an old-growth Bornean tropical rain forest. More than 30% of all dipterocarp seedlings survived 1.5 y after mast fruiting. When all species were analysed together, we found that initial seedling height, canopy openness and conspecific seedling density affected dipterocarp seedling survival. Negative density dependence indicated that predators were not satiated, but dipterocarp seedlings rather suffered from host-specific natural enemies or intraspecific competition. Species-level analyses of seven dipterocarp species showed large variation in response to biotic and abiotic factors. These results suggest that interspecific differences in the relative importance of biotic and abiotic effects on seedling survival might contribute to species coexistence.

scholarly journals III. Resin canals in the canadian spruce (Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P.)-An anatomical study, especially in relation to traumatic effects and their bearing on phylogeny

1926 ◽  
Vol 214 (411-420) ◽  
pp. 63-111 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Local Material ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Secondary Wood ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Conifer Wood ◽  
Selection Of

Every student of conifer wood structure is familiar with the importance that in modern anatomical work is attached to the occurrence and distribution of resin canals. It is apparent in classification, identification, and, above all, in discussions of phylogeny. For example, the Pineæ are said to be distinguished by the normal occurrence of resin canals throughout the secondary wood, the Abieteæ by their occurrence practically only in response to wounding. The canals in the latter case are considered by some as being “revived” by injury and by others as in the process of acquirement. However, important though resin canals undoubtedly are, too little is known with regard to them to warrant many of the prevailing conclusions. There has been no systematic study of their origin and distribution, even in a single species. It was to make a beginning towards the filling in of this gap in our knowledge that the present study was undertaken. The spruce was chosen partly because of the abundance of local material, both in nurseries and in the wild state. In fact, although nursery stock was ultimately made use of to perhaps a greater extent than the material from the woods, the study could probably not have been completed on this material alone, so obscure did the principle underlying the distribution of the resin canals seem when viewed merely from a study of nursery plants. There were, however, additional reasons of a scientific nature for the selection of the genus Picea. The resin canals, occurring apparently normally in the wood, are not nearly so abundant as they are in the pines, and are more irregular in distribution. Two low-power photographs have been made to illustrate these points. In Picea sometimes resin canals are completely lacking in an annual ring, whereas in the adjacent area they are fairly abundant (Plate 8, Photo. 1), but not so numerous nor so evenly distributed as they are in the pine, where every ring of the section shows several (Photo. 2); nor is their radial distribution in the year's growth uniform. They occur at various regions in either spring or summer wood, even to the very borders of both, although usually they are more abundant in the earlier part of the season's growth. The distribution of what are ordinarily considered normal .resin canals is thus very sporadic in Picea. Again, in the region of wounds, tangential series quite like those so frequently figured as typical of Abies, are plentiful ( cf . Photos. 23 and 24, Plate 9, the former of Picea, the latter of Abies).

scholarly journals Single-Species Artificial Grasslands Decrease Soil Multifunctionality in a Temperate Steppe on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2092
Author(s):  
Kelu Chen ◽  
Huakun Zhou ◽  
Bingbing Lu ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Temperate Steppe ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Grass Production ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Artificial grasslands have been regarded as an effective method to improve grass production and quality, especially on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Soil ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) plays an important role in sustainable regional development. However, few studies have investigated the impacts of artificial grasslands on soil EMF. Here, we constructed single-species artificial grasslands in a natural temperate steppe and investigated soil microbial communities, abiotic factors (soil moisture and pH), and functions related to biogeochemical cycles to explore (1) how the transformation from temperate steppe to artificial grasslands affected soil EMF and (2) the roles of species and phylogenetic microbial diversities, microbial community composition, and abiotic factors in driving differences in soil EMF. Our results showed that artificial grasslands decreased soil EMF regardless of planting species; that the bacterial and fungal community composition contributed more to soil EMF prediction than species and phylogenetic diversities; and that microbial phylogenetic diversities were negatively associated with soil EMF. Soil pH played an important role in the effects of artificial grasslands on soil EMF—artificial grasslands increased soil pH, which was negatively associated with soil EMF. Overall, the benefits of establishing artificial grasslands, for example, higher grass production and quality, might be at the expense of soil EMF. Further studies should explore mixed-species artificial grasslands.

scholarly journals Population genomics and demographic sampling of the ant-plant Vachellia drepanolobium and its symbiotic ants from sites across its range in East Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Boyle ◽  
Dino Martins ◽  
Paul M. Musili ◽  
Naomi E. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Landscape Genomics ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe association between the African ant plant, Vachellia drepanolobium, and the ants that inhabit it has provided insight into the boundaries between mutualism and parasitism, the response of symbioses to environmental perturbations, and the ecology of species coexistence. We use a landscape genomics approach at sites sampled throughout the range of this system in Kenya to investigate the demographics and genetic structure of the different partners in the association. We find that different species of ant associates of V. drepanolobium show striking differences in their spatial distribution throughout Kenya, and these differences are only partly correlated with abiotic factors. A comparison of the population structure of the host plant and its three obligately arboreal ant symbionts, Crematogaster mimosae, Crematogaster nigriceps, and Tetraponera penzigi, shows that the ants exhibit somewhat similar patterns of structure throughout each of their respective ranges, but that this does not correlate in any clear way with the respective genetic structure of the populations of their host plants. A lack of evidence for local coadaptation in this system suggests that all partners have evolved to cope with a wide variety of biotic and abiotic conditions.

scholarly journals Urban biodiversity: an insight into the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Guwahati, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 12299-12316
Author(s):  
Jayaditya Purkayastha
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Insight Into

This study focuses on the assessment of the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Guwahati.  Twenty-six species of amphibians, 57 species of reptiles, 214 species of birds, and 36 species of mammals were recorded during the study period.  Thirty-three species were found to be threatened with extinction and another 62 species need evaluation.  A single species of turtle was found to be categorized as Extinct in the Wild under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 

scholarly journals Intra-Specific Difference in the Effect of Salinity on Physiological Performance in European Perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Its Ecological Importance for Fish in Estuaries

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christensen ◽  
Stieglitz ◽  
Grosell ◽  
Steffensen
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Estuarine Fish ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
European Perch ◽  
Physiological Performance ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Species Specific

Changes in environmental salinity challenge fish homeostasis and may affect physiological performance, such as swimming capacity and metabolism, which are important for foraging, migration, and escaping predators in the wild. The effects of salinity stress on physiological performance are largely species specific, but may also depend on intra-specific differences in physiological capabilities of sub-populations. We measured critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and metabolic rates during swimming and at rest at salinities of 0 and 10 in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from a low salinity tolerance population (LSTP) and a high salinity tolerance population (HSTP). Ucrit of LSTP was significantly reduced at a salinity of 10 yet was unaffected by salinity change in HSTP. We did not detect a significant cost of osmoregulation, which should theoretically be apparent from the metabolic rates during swimming and at rest at a salinity of 0 compared to at a salinity of 10 (iso-osmotic). Maximum metabolic rates were also not affected by salinity, indicating a modest tradeoff between respiration and osmoregulation (osmo-respiratory compromise). Intra-specific differences in effects of salinity on physiological performance are important for fish species to maintain ecological compatibility in estuarine environments, yet render these sub-populations vulnerable to fisheries. The findings of the present study are therefore valuable knowledge in conservation and management of estuarine fish populations.

Grazing trials on the Wallum of south-eastern Queensland. 3. A nursery grazed by sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (53) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Bryan ◽  
TR Evans
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Brachiaria Mutica ◽  
Coastal Lowlands

A nursery of single species and simple mixtures of 12 grasses and 9 legumes at Beerwah on the coastal lowlands of southern Queensland was grazed by sheep for over 16 years. For the last eight years 25.8 wethers a hectare (10.5/acre) were carried and thrived, heavy grazing pressure being maintained. Changes in botanical composition were recorded. The final mixture was dominated by Trifolium repens and Paspalm notatum. Other species to survive were Digitaria decumbens, Pennisetum clandestinum, Paspalum wettsteinii, and Brachiaria mutica. The majority of species failed to survive the close intense grazing by sheep. Annual replacements of phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, and potassium were made but nitrogen was never applied, and the highly productive pasture was maintained by legume nitrogen, mainly from white clover. Soil fertility improved under the pasture.

TOWARDS IMPROVING THE ALUMINIUM TOLERANCE OF WHITE CLOVER

1987 ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Caradus ◽  
A.D. Mackay ◽  
M.W. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Soil Culture

The objective of this study was to use two growth media to determine the extent of intraspecific variation for aluminium (Al).tolerance within white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Grasslands Huia). A further objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of the germinating and establishing seedling to Al. Addition of Al (500 mg kg-1 of soil) as Ah(SO,), to the Wainui silt loam (Typic Dystrochrept) which caused severe reductions in shoot growth of 30 d seedlings, only slightly reduced the germination or establishment of the seedling. This is an important finding as little would be gained from improving, by selection, Al tolerance in white clover if the plant was unable to germinate and establish in such unfavourable conditions. Sufficient intraspecific variation in Al tolerance exists within white clover to select for a superior Al-tolerant cultivar. Keywords: White clover, Trifolium repens, aluminium tolerance, soil culture, solution culture.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document