Wheat Leaf Antioxidative Status—Variety-Specific Mechanisms of Zinc Tolerance during Biofortification

In this study, we evaluated the leaf antioxidative responses of three wheat varieties (Srpanjka, Divana, and Simonida) treated with two different forms of zinc (Zn), Zn-sulfate and Zn-EDTA, in concentrations commonly used in agronomic biofortification. Zn concentration was significantly higher in the flag leaves of all three wheat varieties treated with Zn-EDTA compared to control and leaves treated with Zn-sulfate. Both forms of Zn increased malondialdehyde level and total phenolics content in varieties Srpanjka and Divana. Total glutathione content was not affected after the Zn treatment. Zn-sulfate increased the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) in both Srpanjka and Divana, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) was only induced in var. Srpanjka. Chelate form of Zn increased the activities of GST and GPOD in both Simonida and Divana. Catalase activity was shown to be less sensitive to Zn treatment and was only induced in var. Srpanjka treated with Zn-EDTA where GPOD activity was not induced. Concentrations of Zn used for agronomic biofortification can induce oxidative stress in wheat leaves. The antioxidative status of wheat leaves could be a good indicator of Zn tolerance, whereas wheat genotype and chemical form of Zn are the most critical factors influencing Zn toxicity.

Download Full-text

Association of Pestalotiopsis Guepinii (DESM.) Stay. with Bipolaris Leaf Blight (BpLB) Infected Wheat Leaves-A new Record

Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences ◽

10.3329/jbas.v40i1.28328 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 87-90

Author(s):

Shamim Shamsi ◽

Mst Selina Momtaz

Keyword(s):

New Record ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Anamorphic Fungus ◽

Wheat Leaf ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Academy Of Sciences

Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay an anamorphic fungus belonging to the class Celomycetes was isolated from Bipolaris leaf blight (BpLB) infected wheat leaf of two wheat varieties namely, Balaka and Saurab during the period of February to March, 2011. Association of Pestalotiopsis guepinii with wheat is a new record.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 1, 87-90, 2016

Download Full-text

The Effect of Stem Rust Infection on the Soluble Proteins of Wheat Leaves

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9660895 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 895 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

CW Wrigley ◽

HL Webster

Keyword(s):

Stem Rust ◽

Electrophoretic Pattern ◽

Soluble Proteins ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Disk Electrophoresis ◽

Rust Infection ◽

Electrophoretic Patterns ◽

Wheat Leaf ◽

Wheat Leaves

The soluble proteins of wheat leaf and of stem rust uredospores were resolved into about 28 and 34 components, respectively, by disk electrophoresis. The funguscontaining and the fungus-free areas of infected wheat leaves were examined. The electrophoretic pattern of an extract of the lesions was markedly different from the pattern of an extract of uninfected leaves. Comparison with the pattern of an extract of uredospores suggested that some of these differences were due to contamination with fungal proteins. For susceptible varieties, extracts of the extralesion areas of infected leaves showed different electrophoretic patterns from extracts of uninfected leaves. This was not so for resistant wheat varieties.

Download Full-text

Effect of leaf temperature on the estimation of photosynthetic and other traits of wheat leaves from hyperspectral reflectance

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa514 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hammad A Khan ◽

Yukiko Nakamura ◽

Robert T Furbank ◽

John R Evans

Keyword(s):

Leaf Traits ◽

Leaf Temperature ◽

Physiological Traits ◽

Leaf Mass Per Area ◽

Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Unit Leaf ◽

Temperature Signal ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Nitrogen Contents

Abstract A growing number of leaf traits can be estimated from hyperspectral reflectance data. These include structural and compositional traits, such as leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen and chlorophyll content, but also physiological traits such a Rubisco carboxylation activity, electron transport rate, and respiration rate. Since physiological traits vary with leaf temperature, how does this impact on predictions made from reflectance measurements? We investigated this with two wheat varieties, by repeatedly measuring each leaf through a sequence of temperatures imposed by varying the air temperature in a growth room. Leaf temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 35 °C did not alter the estimated Rubisco capacity normalized to 25 °C (Vcmax25), or chlorophyll or nitrogen contents per unit leaf area. Models estimating LMA and Vcmax25/N were both slightly influenced by leaf temperature: estimated LMA increased by 0.27% °C–1 and Vcmax25/N increased by 0.46% °C–1. A model estimating Rubisco activity closely followed variation associated with leaf temperature. Reflectance spectra change with leaf temperature and therefore contain a temperature signal.

Download Full-text

Effects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) on ion leakage, total phenol, antioxidant enzymes activities and cobalt accumulation in Brassica napus L.

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha48311766 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 1260-1275

Author(s):

Malihe JAHANI ◽

Ramazan Ali KHAVARI-NEJAD ◽

Homa MAHMOODZADEH ◽

Sara SAADATMAND

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Cobalt Oxide ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Ion Leakage ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles

Interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) as a significant threat to ecosystems with biological processes of plants is very important. Here, the effects of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) NPs on some physio-biochemical characteristics of Brassica napus L. were investigated. The two-weeks seedlings were sprayed with different concentrations of Co3O4 NPs (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg L-1). The results showed that this treatment significantly affected the fresh and dry weights, area, relative water content (RWC) and relative chlorophyll value (SPAD) of leaves. The highest reduction of growth and biomass indexes occurred at 4000 mg L-1 NPs. The content of H2O2 and electrolyte leakage (EL) increased respectively, after 100 and 250 mg L-1 of Co3O4 NPs and showed a maximum level at 4000 mg L-1. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased after 100 mg L-1 of Co3O4 NPs. However, tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) activity enhanced after 500 mg L-1. The catalase (CAT) activity and protein content decreased after 1000 mg L-1 of Co3O4 NPs. Application of concentrations higher than 500 mg L-1 of Co3O4 NPs induced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity but reduced glutathione reductase (GR). The activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased at 250-1000 mg L-1 of Co3O4 NPs and then decreased. These results suggested that low concentrations of Co3O4 NPs induced a positive effect on growth parameters but high levels caused extensive oxidative damage and mediated defense responses by organization of phenolic compounds and antioxidative system.

Download Full-text

THE YELLOW COLORING MATTER OF KHAPLI WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCUM: II. THE CONSTITUTION OF TRICETIN

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr32-081 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 285-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. Ansel Anderson

Keyword(s):

Melting Point ◽

Related Compound ◽

Mixed Melting Point ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Coloring Matter ◽

Color Reactions ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Derivatives Of

Khapli wheat leaves contain a very small quantity of a trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, tricin. Marquis yields a trace of the same compound. These two varieties also contain water-soluble coloring matters which are apparently glucosides of tricin or of a closely related compound. Dyeing tests carried out with six other wheat varieties indicate that all contain essentially the same coloring matters.Methylation of tricin and hydrolysis of the resulting O-trimethyltricin yielded 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyacetophenone. It was therefore assumed that tricetin, the pentahydroxyflavone derived from tricin, was 5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentahydroxyflavone. This was synthesized from 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and phloracetophenone by the Allan-Robinson method. Mixed melting-point determinations showed that its O-pentamethyl and O-penta-acetyl derivatives are identical with the corresponding derivatives of tricetin. The dyeing properties and color reactions of synthetic and natural tricetin are identical and are in fair agreement with those described by Badhwar, Kang and Ventkataraman (3, p. 1111) who recently reported the synthesis of the same compound.

Download Full-text

Increased Lipoxygenase Activity is Involved in the Hypersensitive Response of Wheat Leaf Cells Infected with A virulent Rust Fungi or Treated with Fungal Elicitor

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1986-5-612 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 41 (5-6) ◽

pp. 559-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Carlos A. Ocampo ◽

Bruno Moerschbacher ◽

Hans J. Grambow

Keyword(s):

Hypersensitive Response ◽

Hypersensitive Reaction ◽

Rust Fungi ◽

Lipoxygenase Activity ◽

Puccinia Graminis ◽

Compatible Interaction ◽

Wheat Leaf ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Germ Tubes ◽

Wheat Rust

The hypersensitive reaction in incompatible wheat-rust interactions is characterized by an increase in lipoxygenase activity detectable as early as 28 h after penetration of the pathogen. In contrast, lipoxygenase activity in the compatible interaction did not increase until the onset of sporulation.Lipoxygenase activity also increased following treatment of wheat leaves with an elicitor fraction from germ tubes of Puccinia graminis tritici.

Download Full-text

Pathotype Identification and Virulence Variation in Cochliobolus sativus in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-21-1248-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Chen ◽

Quanjie Yao ◽

Fengtao Wang ◽

Yunxing Pang ◽

Xiaowei Lang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Climate ◽

Cochliobolus Sativus ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Geographic Origins ◽

High Virulence ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Barley Genotypes ◽

Important Disease ◽

Wheat Tissues ◽

Virulence Variation

Spot blotch caused by Cochliobolus sativus has become an important disease in the wheat-growing regions in China due to changes of regional climate, agricultural cultivation pattern and widely growing susceptible wheat varieties. Little information is available about virulence variability and pathogenic specialization of the C. sativus isolates from major wheat-growing regions in China. Here, 12 representative wheat varieties and foundation breeding stocks were selected to characterize the pathotypes of C. sativus isolates from infected wheat plants. Based on the infection phenotypes in the 12 differential genotypes at the seedling stage, 70 Chinese pathotypes were identified from 110 isolates and clustered into three virulence groups. The high virulence isolates were collected from wheat leaves, crowns, and roots, with most (10 of 14) from the Henan province in the Huang-Huai plain. No relationship was evident between virulence variability of C. sativus isolates and their geographic origins or types of diseased wheat tissues. Cochliobolus sativus showed a significant pathogenic specialization in hosts of wheat and barley. Most of the wheat isolates (50 of 65) were avirulent to all the differential barley genotypes, and a few were virulent only to highly susceptible barley genotypes. These results indicated that C. sativus isolates from the wheat-growing regions in China varied considerably for their virulence in wheat varieties, and showed significant pathogenic specialization to the wheat and barley hosts.

Download Full-text

Comparative transcriptome and histological analyses of wheat in response to phytotoxic aphid Schizaphis graminum and non-phytotoxic aphid Sitobion avenae feeding

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-019-2148-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yong Zhang ◽

Yu Fu ◽

Jia Fan ◽

Qian Li ◽

Frédéric Francis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Defence ◽

Sitobion Avenae ◽

Schizaphis Graminum ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Leaf Chlorosis ◽

Defence Genes ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Defence Responses ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Ethylene Signalling

Abstract Background Infestation of the phytotoxic aphid Schizaphis graminum can rapidly induce leaf chlorosis in susceptible plants, but this effect is not observed with the nonphytotoxic aphid Sitobion avenae. However, few studies have attempted to identify the different defence responses induced in wheat by S. graminum and S. avenae feeding and the mechanisms underlying the activation of chlorosis by S. graminum feeding. Results S. graminum feeding significantly reduced the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves, and these effects were not observed with S. avenae. A transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression levels of genes involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling defence pathways were significantly upregulated by both S. avenae and S. graminum feeding; however, more plant defence genes were activated by S. graminum feeding than S. avenae feeding. The transcript levels of genes encoding cell wall-modifying proteins were significantly increased after S. graminum feeding, but only a few of these genes were induced by S. avenae. Furthermore, various reactive oxygen species-scavenging genes, such as 66 peroxidase (POD) and 8 ascorbate peroxidase (APx) genes, were significantly upregulated after S. graminum feeding, whereas only 15 POD and one APx genes were induced by S. avenae feeding. The activity of four antioxidant enzymes was also significantly upregulated by S. graminum feeding. Cytological examination showed that S. graminum feeding induced substantial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in wheat leaves. The chlorosis symptoms and the loss of chlorophyll observed in wheat leaves after S. graminum feeding were reduced and inhibited by the scavenging of H2O2 by dimethylthiourea, which indicated that H2O2 plays important role in the induction of chlorosis by S. graminum feeding. Conclusions S. graminum and S. avenae feeding induces the JA, SA and ET signalling pathways, but S. graminum activated stronger plant defence responses than S. avenae. S. graminum feeding triggers strong ROS-scavenging activity and massive H2O2 production in wheat leaves, and the accumulation of H2O2 induced by S. graminum feeding is involved in the activation of chlorosis in wheat leaves. These results enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying aphid-wheat interactions and provide clues for the development of aphid-resistant wheat varieties.

Download Full-text

Analysis of Draft Genome Sequences of Two New Pantoea Strains Associated with Wheat Leaf Necrotic Tissues Caused by Xanthomonas translucens Reveals Distinct Species

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.00638-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (30) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre Malette ◽

Renlin Xu ◽

Suzanne Gerdis ◽

Sylvia I. Chi ◽

Greg C. Daniels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Draft Genome ◽

Distinct Species ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

Coding Sequences ◽

Content Type ◽

Wheat Leaf ◽

Xanthomonas Translucens ◽

Wheat Leaves

ABSTRACT We report whole-genome sequences of two new Pantoea strains (DOAB1048 and DOAB1050) isolated from necrotic wheat leaves caused by Xanthomonas translucens. The draft genome sequences of DOAB1048 and DOAB1050 consist of 52 and 57 scaffolds and have sizes of 4,795,525 bp and 4,962,883 bp with 4,418 and 4,517 coding sequences, respectively.

Download Full-text

Micronutrient Fertilization of Greenhouse Cucumbers Mitigates Pirimicarb Resistance in Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 2864-2872

Author(s):

Mohammad Homayoonzadeh ◽

Mojtaba Esmaeily ◽

Khalil Talebi ◽

Hossein Allahyari ◽

Jamasb Nozari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Aphis Gossypii ◽

Cucumber Plant ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Inducible Defenses ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Fold Reduction ◽

Biological Performance ◽

Carbohydrate Contents

Abstract The nutritional status of host plants can have direct impacts on herbivore physiology and insect–plant interactions. We investigated the effect of micronutrients, including manganese, iron, zinc, and copper, on cucumber plant physiology, and on the biology and physiology of a strain of Aphis gossypii Glover selected over 12 generations to be resistant to pirimicarb. The micronutrient treatment increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in cucumber plants, and also increased levels of total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, and total chlorophyl, whereas malondialdehyde levels were unaffected. Pirimicarb-resistant cotton aphids that fed on micronutritient-amended cucumber plants expressed significantly decreased levels of acetylcholinesterase and detoxifying enzymes, specifically glutathione S-transferase, and carboxylesterase. Analysis of energy reserves in resistant A. gossypii fed on micronutritient-amended plants revealed decreases in the lipid and protein contents of aphids, whereas glycogen and carbohydrate contents showed no response. Resistant cotton aphids fed on micronutritient-amended plants showed significantly reduced fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periods, and a 1.7-fold reduction in pirimicarb LC50 compared with those fed on control plants. We conclude that micronutrient amendment negatively impacts the biological performance of insecticide-resistant cotton aphids, and diminishes their resistance to pirimicarb. Both direct effects on plant health, such as enhanced inducible defenses, and indirect effects on aphid fitness, such as reduced biological performance and detoxification abilities, were implicated. Therefore, optimization of micronutrient amendments could be a useful complement to other tactics for managing insecticide-resistant A. gossypii on cucumbers, and warrants exploration in other contexts.

Download Full-text