Wine By-Products as Raw Materials for the Production of Biopolymers and of Natural Reinforcing Fillers: A Critical Review

The plastic industry is today facing a green revolution; however, biopolymers, produced in low amounts, expensive, and food competitive do not represent an efficient solution. The use of wine waste as second-generation feedstock for the synthesis of polymer building blocks or as reinforcing fillers could represent a solution to reduce biopolymer costs and to boost the biopolymer presence in the market. The present critical review reports the state of the art of the scientific studies concerning the use of wine by-products as substrate for the synthesis of polymer building blocks and as reinforcing fillers for polymers. The review has been mainly focused on the most used bio-based and biodegradable polymers present in the market (i.e., poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(hydroxyalkanoates)). The results present in the literature have been reviewed and elaborated in order to suggest new possibilities of development based on the chemical and physical characteristics of wine by-products.

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Natural wastes as particle filler for poly(lactic acid)-based composites

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998318791316 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 783-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Daniele Battegazzore ◽

Amir Noori ◽

Alberto Frache

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Melt Blending ◽

Renewable Raw Materials ◽

By Products ◽

Natural Fillers ◽

Selection Of ◽

Hemp Hurd

The paper describes the production and the mechanical characteristics of composites made completely of renewable raw materials. Several wastes or by-products from agro-industrial production namely hemp hurd, alfalfa, and grape stem were analyzed with respect to their thermal stability, morphological, and chemical composition in an attempt to validate their use in composites. Such natural particle fillers were used in the range of 10–50 wt% in combination with poly(lactic acid) by melt blending to obtain fully bio-based composites. These fillers were responsible for a noteworthy increase in the storage modulus. Furthermore, two micromechanical models (Voigt and Halpin–Tsai) were used to mathematically fitted the experimental data, and then the unknown moduli were extrapolated and compared with other natural fillers. Finally, the flexural strength of the bio-composites and the adhesion evaluation by exploiting Pukanszky’s model were carried out. As a result, the hemp hurd in the form of chips was the best investigated filler, which showed the highest calculated modulus of 10.5 GPa (Voigt) and the best filler–matrix interaction with “B” (Pukanszky’s coefficient) of 2.10. This information can be useful when comparison and selection of a suitable filler among the natural fillers are required.

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Poly (Lactic Acid) Generated for Advanced Materials

Applied Environmental Materials Science for Sustainability - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1971-3.ch005 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 106-127

Author(s):

Pranut Potiyaraj

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Degradation Mechanism ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Advanced Materials ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Plastic Industry ◽

The Cost

The consumption of plastic products from petrochemical feedstock has increased sharply resulting in plastic waste problems while raw materials from fossil fuels tend to decrease rapidly. Researchers and the plastic industry have since proposed a sustainable solution through the development of bioplastics. Ideally, bioplastics which are synthesized from renewable bioresources normally render biodegradability in appropriate conditions. Polyester, one of the most diversely used synthetic polymers today, is an ideal choice for biodegradable polymers due to the relative ease of breaking ester linkages. Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide or PLA which is a thermoplastic polyester with many advantageous properties, for instance, environmentally friendly, biocompatibility, processability, and high chemical resistance is now available in the plastic market as a promising bioplastics. However, the cost of PLA is still much higher than that of general commodity plastics. In order to make PLA commercially competitive, advanced and innovative applications should thus be explored. In this chapter, technological background of PLA production as well as its economic situation is firstly reviewed. Then, the enhancement of PLA properties to suit advanced applications is illustrated. Some polymers used for blending with PLA along with some fillers utilized for the production of PLA composites are described. The chapter concludes with the degradation mechanism of PLA and the standard test methods.

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The use of some agricultural products as raw materials in the plastic industry

10.31274/rtd-180813-14873 ◽

1938 ◽

Author(s):

James Alvin Johnston

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Plastic Industry

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Thermoplastic Blends Based on Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) and Different Collagen Hydrolysates from Tanning Industry—II: Aerobic Biodegradation in Composting Medium

Journal of Polymers and the Environment ◽

10.1007/s10924-021-02124-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Altieri ◽

Maurizia Seggiani ◽

Alessandro Esposito ◽

Patrizia Cinelli ◽

Vitale Stanzione

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Aerobic Biodegradation ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Biodegradation Rate ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Dog Bone ◽

Thermoplastic Blends ◽

Collagen Hydrolysates ◽

By Products ◽

Tanning Industry

AbstractTwo different raw hydrolyzed collagens (HCs), by-products of the Tannery industry, were investigated in blends with a bioplastic, as poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), for the production of thermoplastic items for possible applications in agriculture. Chemical characterization of selected PBSA/HC blends and phytotoxicity assays on garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.), used as spy species, were carried out; in addition, biodegradation and disintegration of specimens were assessed under controlled composting conditions at different temperature (58 and 25 °C). Although one of the HC investigated released sodium chloride in the aqueous extract, all PBSA/HC blends, up to 20 wt.% HC, resulted no-phytotoxic and showed considerable amounts of macro- and micro- nutrients for plants (mainly nitrogen). Regardless the amount added, HCs enhanced the biodegradation rate of PBSA/HC blends in compost at 58 °C compared to pure PBSA; lowering the temperature at 25 °C, as expected, biodegradation rate slightly lowered using the same compost. Most disintegration tests, performed on dog bone samples, corroborated the results of the biodegradation tests, thus suggesting that plastic mixtures could reasonably end their life cycle in a composting facility without decreasing the quality and the safety of the resulting compost. The outcomes achieved encourage the use of raw collagen hydrolysates from tanning industry in the production of PBSA-based thermoplastic blends to produce compostable items (mulching films and/or plant pots) for more sustainable uses in agriculture and/or plant nurseries. In addition, the use of these low-cost by-products can lower the cost of final product and give it fertilizing properties for plants given the presence of organic nitrogen in the hydrolysates.

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Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Enantiopure Precursors and Derivatives for β-Blockers Practolol, Pindolol and Carteolol

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11040503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 503

Author(s):

Morten Gundersen ◽

Guro Austli ◽

Sigrid Løvland ◽

Mari Hansen ◽

Mari Rødseth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Building Block ◽

Kinetic Resolution ◽

Enantiomeric Excess ◽

Catalytic Amount ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Β Blocker ◽

Β Blockers ◽

Optical Rotations ◽

Reported Data ◽

By Products

Sustainable methods for producing enantiopure drugs have been developed. Chlorohydrins as building blocks for several β-blockers have been synthesized in high enantiomeric purity by chemo-enzymatic methods. The yield of the chlorohydrins increased by the use of catalytic amount of base. The reason for this was found to be the reduced formation of the dimeric by-products compared to the use of higher concentration of the base. An overall reduction of reagents and reaction time was also obtained compared to our previously reported data of similar compounds. The enantiomers of the chlorohydrin building blocks were obtained by kinetic resolution of the racemate in transesterification reactions catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB). Optical rotations confirmed the absolute configuration of the enantiopure drugs. The β-blocker (S)-practolol ((S)-N-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)phenyl)acetamide) was synthesized with 96% enantiomeric excess (ee) from the chlorohydrin (R)-N-(4-(3-chloro-2 hydroxypropoxy)phenyl)acetamide, which was produced in 97% ee and with 27% yield. Racemic building block 1-((1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)-3-chloropropan-2-ol for the β-blocker pindolol was produced in 53% yield and (R)-1-((1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)-3-chloropropan-2-ol was produced in 92% ee. The chlorohydrin 7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, a building block for a derivative of carteolol was produced in 77% yield. (R)-7-(3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one was obtained in 96% ee. The S-enantiomer of this carteolol derivative was produced in 97% ee in 87% yield. Racemic building block 5-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, building block for the drug carteolol, was also produced in 53% yield, with 96% ee of the R-chlorohydrin (R)-5-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one. (S)-Carteolol was produced in 96% ee with low yield, which easily can be improved.

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Poly(Lactic Acid)–Poly(Butylene Succinate)–Sugar Beet Pulp Composites; Part I: Mechanics of Composites with Fine and Coarse Sugar Beet Pulp Particles

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13152531 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2531

Author(s):

Rodion Kopitzky

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Fracture Patterns ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

The Impact

Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is a residue available in large quantities from the sugar industry, and can serve as a cost-effective bio-based and biodegradable filler for fully bio-based compounds based on bio-based polyesters. The heterogeneous cell structure of sugar beet suggests that the processing of SBP can affect the properties of the composite. An “Ultra-Rotor” type air turbulence mill was used to produce SBP particles of different sizes. These particles were processed in a twin-screw extruder with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and fillers to granules for possible marketable formulations. Different screw designs, compatibilizers and the use of glycerol as a thermoplasticization agent for SBP were also tested. The spherical, cubic, or ellipsoidal-like shaped particles of SBP are not suitable for usage as a fiber-like reinforcement. In addition, the fineness of ground SBP affects the mechanical properties because (i) a high proportion of polar surfaces leads to poor compatibility, and (ii) due to the inner structure of the particulate matter, the strength of the composite is limited to the cohesive strength of compressed sugar-cell compartments of the SBP. The compatibilization of the polymer–matrix–particle interface can be achieved by using compatibilizers of different types. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fracture patterns show that the compatibilization can lead to both well-bonded particles and cohesive fracture patterns in the matrix. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties are limited by the impact and elongation behavior. Therefore, the applications of SBP-based composites must be well considered.

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A bicyclic S-adenosylmethionine regeneration system applicable with different nucleosides or nucleotides as cofactor building blocks

RSC Chemical Biology ◽

10.1039/d1cb00033k ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Désirée Popadić ◽

Dipali Mhaindarkar ◽

Mike H. N. Dang Thai ◽

Helen C. Hailes ◽

Silja Mordhorst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Building Blocks ◽

Regeneration System ◽

Methyl Donor ◽

By Products

The polyphosphate-driven bicyclic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) regeneration system uses S-methylmethionine as a ‘2-in-1’ methyl donor without producing by-products and can be run with SAM nucleobase analogues such as S-cytidyl- and S-inosylmethionine.

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Anti-Fatigue Effect of a Dietary Supplement from the Fermented By-Products of Taiwan Tilapia Aquatic Waste and Monostroma nitidum Oligosaccharide Complex

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051688 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1688

Author(s):

Ying-Ju Chen ◽

Chun-Yen Kuo ◽

Zwe-Ling Kong ◽

Chin-Ying Lai ◽

Guan-Wen Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplement ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Physical Training ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Fatigue Effect ◽

Monostroma Nitidum ◽

By Products

The Taiwan Tilapia is an important aquaculture product in Taiwan. The aquatic by-products generated during Tilapia processing, such as fish bones and skin, are rich in minerals and protein. We aimed to explore the effect of a dietary supplement, comprising a mixture of fermented Tilapia by-products and Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharides as the raw materials, combined with physical training on exercise performance and fatigue. We used a mouse model that displays a phenotype of accelerated aging. Male senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice were divided into two control groups—with or without physical training—and supplemented with different doses (0.5 times: 412 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day; 1 time: 824 mg/kg BW/day; 2 times: 1648 mg/kg BW/day) of fermented Tilapia by-products and Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide-containing mixture and combined with exercise training groups. Exercise performance was determined by testing forelimb grip strength and with a weight-bearing exhaustive swimming test. Animals were sacrificed to collect physical fatigue-related biomarkers. Mice dosed at 824 or 1648 mg/kg BW/day showed improvement in their exercise performance (p < 0.05). In terms of biochemical fatigue indicators, supplementation of 824 or 1648 mg/kg BW/day doses of test substances could effectively reduce blood urea nitrogen concentration and lactate concentration and increase the lactate ratio (p < 0.05) and liver glycogen content post-exercise (p < 0.05). Based on the above results, the combination of physical training and consumption of a dietary supplementation mixture of fermented Tilapia by-products and Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharides could improve the exercise performance of mice and help achieve an anti-fatigue effect.

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