Thermoplastic Blends Based on Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) and Different Collagen Hydrolysates from Tanning Industry—II: Aerobic Biodegradation in Composting Medium

AbstractTwo different raw hydrolyzed collagens (HCs), by-products of the Tannery industry, were investigated in blends with a bioplastic, as poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), for the production of thermoplastic items for possible applications in agriculture. Chemical characterization of selected PBSA/HC blends and phytotoxicity assays on garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.), used as spy species, were carried out; in addition, biodegradation and disintegration of specimens were assessed under controlled composting conditions at different temperature (58 and 25 °C). Although one of the HC investigated released sodium chloride in the aqueous extract, all PBSA/HC blends, up to 20 wt.% HC, resulted no-phytotoxic and showed considerable amounts of macro- and micro- nutrients for plants (mainly nitrogen). Regardless the amount added, HCs enhanced the biodegradation rate of PBSA/HC blends in compost at 58 °C compared to pure PBSA; lowering the temperature at 25 °C, as expected, biodegradation rate slightly lowered using the same compost. Most disintegration tests, performed on dog bone samples, corroborated the results of the biodegradation tests, thus suggesting that plastic mixtures could reasonably end their life cycle in a composting facility without decreasing the quality and the safety of the resulting compost. The outcomes achieved encourage the use of raw collagen hydrolysates from tanning industry in the production of PBSA-based thermoplastic blends to produce compostable items (mulching films and/or plant pots) for more sustainable uses in agriculture and/or plant nurseries. In addition, the use of these low-cost by-products can lower the cost of final product and give it fertilizing properties for plants given the presence of organic nitrogen in the hydrolysates.

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Thermoplastic Blends Based on Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) and Different Collagen Hydrolysates from Tanning Industry: I—Processing and Thermo-mechanical Properties

Journal of Polymers and the Environment ◽

10.1007/s10924-020-01880-y ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maurizia Seggiani ◽

Roberto Altieri ◽

Patrizia Cinelli ◽

Alessandro Esposito ◽

Andrea Lazzeri

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Injection Molding ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

A Value ◽

Consequent Reduction ◽

Thermoplastic Blends ◽

Collagen Hydrolysates ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Abstract In this study, blends of a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester, poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) with two different raw hydrolyzed collagens (HCs), derived from the tannery industry, were investigated in terms of processability, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties. HCs, obtained by alkaline (HCa) and enzymatic (HCe) hydrolysis of the solid wastes generated during the shaving of the tanned leather, were used in PBSA/HC blends, up to 20 wt% of HC, produced by melting extrusion and processed by injection molding. All the blends up to 20 wt% HCs resulted suitable for the injection molding obtaining flexible molded specimens with good tensile properties. The different secondary structure of the two HCs influenced the rheology, morphology and mechanical properties of the produced blends. In particular, HCa, due its higher content of oligopeptides and free amino-acids, showed a good compatibility with the polymeric matrix acting as a plasticizer with consequent reduction of melt viscosity with increasing its loading. The molded dog-bones specimens containing 20 wt% HCa showed a value of elongation at break of 810%. While, HCe, due its higher presence of b-sheet structures, behaved as organic filler, showing a poor interfacial interaction with PBSA with consequent decrease of the tensile properties with increasing its loading. The good processability and satisfactory mechanical properties obtained encourage the use of both investigated collagen hydrolysates in the production of thermoplastic blends and relative molded products for applications in agriculture and plant nurseries, such as pots or small containers with fertilizing properties, due the presence of HCs.

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Wine By-Products as Raw Materials for the Production of Biopolymers and of Natural Reinforcing Fillers: A Critical Review

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13030381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 381

Author(s):

Alessandro Nanni ◽

Mariafederica Parisi ◽

Martino Colonna

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Reinforcing Fillers ◽

Plastic Industry ◽

Review Reports ◽

By Products

The plastic industry is today facing a green revolution; however, biopolymers, produced in low amounts, expensive, and food competitive do not represent an efficient solution. The use of wine waste as second-generation feedstock for the synthesis of polymer building blocks or as reinforcing fillers could represent a solution to reduce biopolymer costs and to boost the biopolymer presence in the market. The present critical review reports the state of the art of the scientific studies concerning the use of wine by-products as substrate for the synthesis of polymer building blocks and as reinforcing fillers for polymers. The review has been mainly focused on the most used bio-based and biodegradable polymers present in the market (i.e., poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(hydroxyalkanoates)). The results present in the literature have been reviewed and elaborated in order to suggest new possibilities of development based on the chemical and physical characteristics of wine by-products.

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Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Characterization of a Non-Polar Extract of Saffron Stamens in Food Matrix

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 703

Author(s):

Severino Zara ◽

Giacomo L. Petretto ◽

Alberto Mannu ◽

Giacomo Zara ◽

Marilena Budroni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Matrix ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

By Products

The production of saffron spice generates large quantities of plant by-products: over 90% of the plant material collected is discarded, and a consideration fraction of this waste is plant stamens. This work investigated the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activities of the non-polar fraction extracted from four different saffron flower stamens. The chemical composition of ethereal extracts of the saffron stamens was qualitatively assessed by means of gas–chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. These analyses revealed ethereal extracts to possess a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In vitro antibacterial activity of stamen extracts showed no large differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In food matrix microbial analysis of the bacterial strains belonging to the main foodborne pathogen species, including Staphylococcus aureus DSM 20231, Escherichia coli DSM 30083, and Listeria monocytogenes DSM 20600, using low-fat UHT milk, revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of cells (particularly for E. coli and S. aureus with a complete elimination of the population of the two target bacteria following incubation in diethyl ether extracts of saffron stamen (DES) at high concentrations tested, both at 37 °C and 6 °C (for 48 h and 7 days, respectively). A synergic effect was observed when the pathogens were incubated at 6 °C with DES. This work shows these by-products to be excellent sources of bioactive compounds, which could be exploited in high-added-value products, such as food, cosmetics, and drugs.

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Chemical characterization and effects on Lepidium sativum of the native and bioremediated components of dry olive mill residue

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.026 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 229-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

E. Aranda ◽

I. García-Romera ◽

J.A. Ocampo ◽

V. Carbone ◽

A. Mari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Olive Mill

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Production and Physicochemical Characterization of Gelatin and Collagen Hydrolysates from Turbot Skin Waste Generated by Aquaculture Activities

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19090491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 491

Author(s):

Jesus Valcarcel ◽

Javier Fraguas ◽

Carolina Hermida-Merino ◽

Daniel Hermida-Merino ◽

Manuel M. Piñeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Storage And Loss Moduli ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Collagen Hydrolysates ◽

First Time ◽

By Products

Rising trends in fish filleting are increasing the amount of processing by-products, such as skins of turbot, a flatfish of high commercial value. In line with circular economy principles, we propose the valorization of turbot skins through a two-step process: initial gelatin extraction described for the first time in turbot, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining solids to produce collagen hydrolysates. We assayed several methods for gelatin extraction, finding differences in gelatin properties depending on chemical treatment and temperature. Of all methods, the application of NaOH, sulfuric, and citric acids at 22 °C results in the highest gel strength (177 g), storage and loss moduli, and gel stability. We found no relation between mechanical properties and content of pyrrolidine amino acids, but the best performing gelatin displays higher structural integrity, with less than 30% of the material below 100 kDa. Collagen hydrolysis was more efficient with papain than alcalase, leading to a greater reduction in Mw of the hydrolysates, which contain a higher proportion of essential amino acids than gelatin and show high in vitro anti-hypertensive activity. These results highlight the suitability of turbot skin by-products as a source of gelatin and the potential of collagen hydrolysates as a functional food and feed ingredient.

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Chemical Characterization of The Agroindustrial By-Products Destined for Pig Feeding

10.3390/mol2net-03-05071 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Santiago Aguiar-Novillo ◽

Edgar Ruben Chicaiza Reisancho ◽

Willam Caicedo-Quinche ◽

Luis Diaz-Suntaxi ◽

Pablo Ernesto Arias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

By Products

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Chemical Characterization of Hydrolyzed Protein Meal Obtained from Trout (Oncorynchus My kiss) By-products Silage

Indian Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i16/118634 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Jos� Luis Hoyos Concha ◽

H�ctor Samuel Villada Castillo ◽

Alejandro Fern�ndez Quintero ◽

Jeimmy Roc�o Bonilla M�ndez ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Protein Meal ◽

Hydrolyzed Protein ◽

By Products

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Processing and mechanical performances of Poly(Butylene Succinate–co–Adipate) (PBSA) and raw hydrolyzed collagen (HC) thermoplastic blends

Polymer Testing ◽

10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105900 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

pp. 105900 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maurizia Seggiani ◽

Vito Gigante ◽

Patrizia Cinelli ◽

Maria-Beatrice Coltelli ◽

Marco Sandroni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Butylene Succinate ◽

Hydrolyzed Collagen ◽

Thermoplastic Blends ◽

Mechanical Performances

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Fishery Wastes as a Yet Undiscovered Treasure from the Sea: Biomolecules Sources, Extraction Methods and Valorization

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18120622 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 622

Author(s):

Gabriella Caruso ◽

Rosanna Floris ◽

Claudio Serangeli ◽

Luisa Di Paola

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Large Scale ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Added Value ◽

By Catch ◽

By Products

The search for new biological sources of commercial value is a major goal for the sustainable management of natural resources. The huge amount of fishery by-catch or processing by-products continuously produced needs to be managed to avoid environmental problems and keep resource sustainability. Fishery by-products can represent an interesting source of high added value bioactive compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, collagen, polyunsaturated fatty acids, chitin, polyphenolic constituents, carotenoids, vitamins, alkaloids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, toxins; nevertheless, their biotechnological potential is still largely underutilized. Depending on their structural and functional characteristics, marine-derived biomolecules can find several applications in food industry, agriculture, biotechnological (chemical, industrial or environmental) fields. Fish internal organs are a rich and underexplored source of bioactive compounds; the fish gut microbiota biosynthesizes essential or short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, minerals or enzymes and is also a source of probiotic candidates, in turn producing bioactive compounds with antibiotic and biosurfactant/bioemulsifier activities. Chemical, enzymatic and/or microbial processing of fishery by-catch or processing by-products allows the production of different valuable bioactive compounds; to date, however, the lack of cost-effective extraction strategies so far has prevented their exploitation on a large scale. Standardization and optimization of extraction procedures are urgently required, as processing conditions can affect the qualitative and quantitative properties of these biomolecules. Valorization routes for such raw materials can provide a great additional value for companies involved in the field of bioprospecting. The present review aims at collecting current knowledge on fishery by-catch or by-products, exploring the valorization of their active biomolecules, in application of the circular economy paradigm applied to the fishery field. It will address specific issues from a biorefinery perspective: (i) fish tissues and organs as potential sources of metabolites, antibiotics and probiotics; (ii) screening for bioactive compounds; (iii) extraction processes and innovative technologies for purification and chemical characterization; (iv) energy production technologies for the exhausted biomass. We provide a general perspective on the techno-economic feasibility and the environmental footprint of the production process, as well as on the definition of legal constraints for the new products production and commercial use.

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Valorization of Aquaculture By-Products of Salmonids to Produce Enzymatic Hydrolysates: Process Optimization, Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Bioactives

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17120676 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 676 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

José Antonio Vázquez ◽

Carmen G. Sotelo ◽

Noelia Sanz ◽

Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín ◽

Isabel Rodríguez-Amado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Enzyme Concentration ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

High Concentration ◽

Small Peptides ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

By Products

In the present manuscript, various by-products (heads, trimmings, and frames) generated from salmonids (rainbow trout and salmon) processing were evaluated as substrates for the production of fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs), potentially adequate as protein ingredients of aquaculture feeds. Initially, enzymatic conditions of hydrolysis were optimized using second order rotatable designs and multivariable statistical analysis. The optimal conditions for the Alcalase hydrolysis of heads were 0.1% (v/w) of enzyme concentration, pH 8.27, 56.2°C, ratio (Solid:Liquid = 1:1), 3 h of hydrolysis, and agitation of 200 rpm for rainbow trout and 0.2% (v/w) of enzyme, pH 8.98, 64.2 °C, 200 rpm, 3 h of hydrolysis, and S:L = 1:1 for salmon. These conditions obtained at 100 mL-reactor scale were then validated at 5L-reactor scale. The hydrolytic capacity of Alcalase and the protein quality of FPHs were excellent in terms of digestion of wastes (Vdig > 84%), high degrees of hydrolysis (Hm > 30%), high concentration of soluble protein (Prs > 48 g/L), good balance of amino acids, and almost full in vitro digestibility (Dig > 93%). Fish oils were recovered from wastes jointly with FPHs and bioactive properties of hydrolysates (antioxidant and antihypertensive) were also determined. The salmon FPHs from trimmings + frames (TF) showed the higher protein content in comparison to the rest of FPHs from salmonids. Average molecular weights of salmonid-FPHs ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 kDa and the peptide sizes distribution indicated that hydrolysates of rainbow trout heads and salmon TF led to the highest percentages of small peptides (0–500 Da).

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