scholarly journals Properties of High-Density Fiberboard Bonded with Urea–Formaldehyde Resin and Ammonium Lignosulfonate as a Bio-Based Additive

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Antov ◽  
Viktor Savov ◽  
Neno Trichkov ◽  
Ľuboš Krišťák ◽  
Roman Réh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
High Density ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Uf Resin

The potential of ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) as an eco-friendly additive to urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin for manufacturing high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels with acceptable properties and low free formaldehyde emission was investigated in this work. The HDF panels were manufactured in the laboratory with very low UF resin content (4%) and ALS addition levels varying from 4% to 8% based on the mass of the dry wood fibers. The press factor applied was 15 s·mm−1. The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength), and free formaldehyde emission were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. In general, the developed HDF panels exhibited acceptable physical and mechanical properties, fulfilling the standard requirements for HDF panels for use in load-bearing applications. Markedly, the laboratory-produced panels had low free formaldehyde emission ranging from 2.0 to 1.4 mg/100 g, thus fulfilling the requirements of the E0 and super E0 emission grades and confirming the positive effect of ALS as a formaldehyde scavenger. The thermal analyses performed, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the main findings of the research. It was concluded that ALS as a bio-based, formaldehyde-free adhesive can be efficiently utilized as an eco-friendly additive to UF adhesive formulations for manufacturing wood-based panels under industrial conditions.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Petar Antov ◽  
Viktor Savov ◽  
Ľuboš Krišťák ◽  
Roman Réh ◽  
George I. Mantanis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Density ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Natural Wood ◽  
European Standards

The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

scholarly journals Furan resin as potential substitute for phenol-formaldehyde resin in plywood manufacturing

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 2727-2739
Author(s):  
Anca Maria Varodi ◽  
Emanuela Beldean ◽  
Maria Cristina Timar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Furan Resin

Replacement of phenol-formaldehyde with a mixed furan resin is considered in this work as a means to improving plywood properties made with urea-formaldehyde-based adhesive currently made with an addition of phenol-formaldehyde resin. Previous research showed that the furan resins can improve water resistance and can provide long stability for the glue line. Plywood was manufactured with modified adhesives and characterized in comparison with a reference product. Thickness, physical properties (moisture content, density, and total water absorption), mechanical properties (shearing strength, bending strength, and elasticity modulus in bending), and formaldehyde emission were determined according to standardized methods. The results indicated that the addition of furan resin enhanced the water resistance by 43% and formaldehyde emission is according to E1 class. Also, the mechanical properties were improved; the shear strength for the adhesive composition with furan resin was increased by 14 to 30% compared with the reference product, depending on the testing conditions.

scholarly journals Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 511
Author(s):  
Roman Réh ◽  
Ľuboš Krišťák ◽  
Ján Sedliačik ◽  
Pavlo Bekhta ◽  
Monika Božiková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Positive Effect

The potential of using ground birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) bark as an eco-friendly additive in urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives for plywood manufacturing was investigated in this work. Five-ply plywood panels were fabricated in the laboratory from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers bonded with UF adhesive formulations comprising three addition levels of birch bark (BB) as a filler (10%, 15%, and 20%). Two UF resin formulations filled with 10% and 20% wheat flour (WF) were used as reference samples. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and shear strength) of the laboratory-fabricated plywood panels, bonded with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture, were evaluated and compared with the European standard requirements (EN 310 and EN 314-2). The mechanical strength of the plywood with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture is acceptable and met the European standard requirements. Markedly, the positive effect of BB in the UF adhesive mixture on the reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood panels was also confirmed. Initially, the most significant decrease in formaldehyde release (up to 14%) was measured for the plywood sample, produced with 15% BB. After four weeks, the decrease in formaldehyde was estimated up to 51% for the sample manufactured with 20% BB. The performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the findings of the study. As this research demonstrated, BB as a waste or by-product of wood processing industry, can be efficiently utilized as an environmentally friendly, inexpensive alternative to WF as a filler in UF adhesive formulations for plywood manufacturing.

The Impact of Different Dosage of Additives on the UF Resin Used in Plywood

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Li Bin Zhu ◽  
Ji You Gu ◽  
Xiang Li Weng ◽  
Hai Yan Tan
Keyword(s):  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Resin Adhesive ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Comprehensive Performance ◽  
The Impact

Through the study of the effects of different dosage of additives on the properties of urea formaldehyde resin adhesive prepared at low mole ratio of formaldehyde/urea, optimize the synthetic process of the UF resin which is used at the E0 grade plywood. The results showed that the product synthesized under the following condition: the mole ratio of formaldehyde/urea is 0.99:1, the dosage of the specific additive is 1.0% and that of melamine is 3-4%, had a good comprehensive performance and the formaldehyde emission of the plywood meets the E0 grade which is environmental-friendly.

scholarly journals Reduction of formaldehyde emission from urea-formaldehyde resin with a small quantity of graphene oxide

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 32830-32836
Author(s):  
Kazuki Saito ◽  
Yasushi Hirabayashi ◽  
Shinya Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Uf Resin

This is the first experiment to demonstrate that GO effectively prevents formaldehyde emission from UF resin.

scholarly journals Urea Formaldehyde Resin Resultant Plywood with Rapid Formaldehyde Release Modified by Tunnel-Structured Sepiolite

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Gao ◽  
Xia ◽  
Li ◽  
Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Tunnel Structure ◽  
Formaldehyde Release ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
The Cost

In order to reduce the cost of plywood and save edible resources (wheat flour), a cheap and resourceful clay, sepiolite, was used to modify urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The performances of filler-filled UF resins were characterized by measuring the thermal behavior, cross section, and functional groups. Results showed that cured UF resin with SEP (sepiolite) formed a toughened fracture surface, and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood was maximum improved by 31.4%. The tunnel structure of SEP was beneficial to the releasing of formaldehyde, as a result, the formaldehyde emission of the plywood bonded by UF resin with SEP declined by 43.7% compared to that without SEP. This study provided a new idea to reduce the formaldehyde emission, i.e. accelerating formaldehyde release before the product is put into use.

Effect of Melamine Content in MUF Resin on the Durable Properties of Plywood

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 3160-3164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ying Liu ◽  
Ji Zhi Zhang ◽  
Yong Lin Yang ◽  
Shi Feng Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhang Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Acidic Condition ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Accelerated Aging Test ◽  
Aging Test ◽  
Modified Urea

The effect of melamine content in melamine modified urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin on durable properties of plywood was investigated using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) with different melamine/urea (M/U) ratios. The plywood specimens were exposed to laboratory accelerated aging and/or cyclic soak-dry (SD). The experiment results indicated that the melamine contents in MUF resin showed an unobservable effect on the durable properties of MUF resin bonded plywood. The mechanical properties of plywood decreased more severely after accelerated aging test in acidic condition. However, the influence of different curing catalyst contents on mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of UF resin can be minimized by adding melamine to the resin.

Performances of Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Resins for Bonding Plywood

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 3170-3173
Author(s):  
Ji Zhi Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ying Liu ◽  
Ying Ying Qiu ◽  
Xiao Mei Wang ◽  
Jian Zhang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Exothermic Peak ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Dta Curve ◽  
Modified Urea

Urea-formaldehyde resin was modified by a modifier with different synthetic processes labelled as UFM1, UFM2, and UFM3 respectively. As a comparison, normal UF resin with a F/U molar ratio of 1.1 labelled as UF0 was synthesized. The thermal behavior of modified urea-formaldehyde resins was studied by TG-DTA techniques, and the properties of plywood bonded with the UFM resins were investigated. The conclusions were as follows: (1) the modifier used in this study could significantly reduce the free formaldehyde content of urea-formaldehyde resin and the formaldehyde emission of plywood; (2) The exothermic peak temperatures of DTA curve were 129.37, 125.05, 120.98, and 116.11 °C for UF0, UFM1, UFM2, and UFM3 respectively. (3) The plywood manufactured with UFM2 and UFM3 resins have high bonding strength (1.28MPa and 1.59MPa) and low formaldehyde emission value (E1 grade).

Thermal and mechanical properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin combined with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as nanofiller and fiberboards prepared by UF-MWCNT

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
Arun Gupta ◽  
Korada Viswanathan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Uf Resin

AbstractThe effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as reinforcement on the properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and medium-density fiberboards was investigated. MWCNT was added to UF in two concentrations, and the effects were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis in terms of the curing and viscoelastic properties of the resins. In the presence of MWCNT, the activation energy of the resins was lowered, and their storage modulus and thermal conductivity were enhanced. The formaldehyde emission decreased and mechanical properties increased after addition of MWCNT to UF resin.

The Utilization of Phenol Components in Bio-Oil for Modifying Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive

2015 ◽  
Vol 1096 ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Qi Kui Tian ◽  
Rui Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Addition Amount

The components in bio-oil are mainly concluding organic acid, aldehydes and phenolics. As the irregular cracking of the pyrolysis, the products are complex and difficult to separate. A comprehensive concept was presented and the extractions from bio-oil were used for modifying urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in this study. Characterization by FT-IR and GC-MS indicated that the reaction mechanism. Phenol-oil addition amount and particle boards test were investigated resulted those 10% phenol-oil shows the best properties: viscosity of 73.36 mm/s, solid content of 52.25% and pH of 8.35 and the best pressing condition is 125°C for 5min which produce a 1.23MPa bond strengthen and 1.05 mg/L formaldehyde emission plywood.

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