Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

Download Full-text

Properties of Eco-Friendly Particleboards Bonded with Lignosulfonate-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives and pMDI as a Crosslinker

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14174875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 4875 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pavlo Bekhta ◽

Gregory Noshchenko ◽

Roman Réh ◽

Lubos Kristak ◽

Ján Sedliačik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Adhesive Compositions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using magnesium and sodium lignosulfonates (LS) in the production of particleboards, used pure and in mixtures with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as a crosslinker. In order to evaluate the effect of gradual replacement of UF by magnesium lignosulfonate (MgLS) or sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) on the physical and mechanical properties, boards were manufactured in the laboratory with LS content varying from 0% to 100%. The effect of LS on the pH of lignosulfonate-urea-formaldehyde (LS-UF) adhesive compositions was also investigated. It was found that LS can be effectively used to adjust the pH of uncured and cured LS-UF formulations. Particleboards bonded with LS-UF adhesive formulations, comprising up to 30% LS, exhibited similar properties when compared to boards bonded with UF adhesive. The replacement of UF by both LS types substantially deteriorated the water absorption and thickness swelling of boards. In general, NaLS-UF-bonded boards had a lower formaldehyde content (FC) than MgLS-UF and UF-bonded boards as control. It was observed that in the process of manufacturing boards using LS adhesives, increasing the proportion of pMDI in the adhesive composition can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the boards. Overall, the boards fabricated using pure UF adhesives exhibited much better mechanical properties than boards bonded with LS adhesives. Markedly, the boards based on LS adhesives were characterised by a much lower FC than the UF-bonded boards. In the LS-bonded boards, the FC is lower by 91.1% and 56.9%, respectively, compared to the UF-bonded boards. The boards bonded with LS and pMDI had a close-to-zero FC and reached the super E0 emission class (≤1.5 mg/100 g) that allows for defining the laboratory-manufactured particleboards as eco-friendly composites.

Download Full-text

Effect of Soaking/Oven- Drying on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Birch (Betula spp.) Plywood

Drvna industrija ◽

10.5552/drvind.2021.1946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 121-129

Author(s):

Regino Kask ◽

Harri Lille ◽

Mihkel Kiviste ◽

Silver Kruus ◽

Johann Olaf Lääne

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Oven Drying ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

The Face ◽

European Standards ◽

Fractional Equation

The objective of this study was to explore some of the physical and mechanical properties of 9-layer birch (Betula spp.) plywood with the addition of phenol-formaldehyde glue, in cases in which the cutting edges of the samples are coated with the damp-proof mastic Fibergum, and in case in which they remain unprocessed (uncoated), following a total of ten cycles of soaking/oven-drying. The properties to be determined were the bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), thickness swelling (TS) and restore dimensions (RD), which were tested according to the European standards (EN). A linear-fractional equation and linear relationship were used for the approximation of any change in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples depending upon the number of soaking/oven-drying cycles. It was shown that the values of the properties investigated were most affected by the first soaking and drying cycle. Thereafter, BS and MOE levels decreased smoothly at a low rate, but the values of TS became stabilised. The BS and MOE values for the wet samples with coated cutting edges were higher than when they were uncoated, as the moisture levels in the former case were lower. After the first soaking of the samples with coated cutting edges, the retention values were as follows: BS at 52.8 % and 66.7 % for the major and minor axes, respectively, with the same applying to MOE at 61.9 % and 64.2 %, while TS was at 105.2 %. To clarify the phenomenon that causes a decrease of the properties, the face plies and edge structures of the initial dry samples and of the samples after the first, second and ninth soaking/oven-drying cycles were studied using the X-Ray technique.Ključne riječi

Download Full-text

Effect of Particle Length to the Quality Particleboard Made from Sorghum Bagasse

Journal of Sylva Indonesiana ◽

10.32734/jsi.v1i1.423 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 16-23

Author(s):

Apri Heri Iswanto ◽

Dita Sari Prabuningrum ◽

Irawati Azhar ◽

Supriyanto Supriyanto

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Japanese Industrial Standard ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Sorghum Bagasse ◽

Particle Length

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of length size particle on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Sorghum bagasse was cut into 3, 5, and 7 cm length size. Furthermore, particles were dried until reached of4% moisture content. Amount of 10% urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin used for binding. Hot pressing process conducted in 130C temperature for 10 minutes and 30 kg cm -2 pressure. The results showed that thickness swelling (TS) and internal bond (IB) did not fulfill of requirement of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003). According to all parameters, 3 cm length size of particle was resulting in the best properties.

Download Full-text

Exploitation of liquefied wood waste for binding recycled wood particleboards

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2016-0043 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 1135-1138 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dominika Janiszewska ◽

Iwona Frąckowiak ◽

Karolina Mytko

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

European Standard ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Liquefied Wood ◽

Standard Quality

Abstract Four types of industrial waste from wood processing, namely a mixed hardwood-softwood powder, pine and beech sawdust, and bark were liquefied and tested as binders for particleboards (PB) made of recycled wood. The liquefaction reaction was carried out at elevated temperature with a mixture of solvents from polyhydroxyl alcohols such as glycerine and propylene glycol, and p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst. Then the liquefied woods (LWs) were characterized in terms of their suitability for PB production as a partial substitute for synthetic urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. The standard properties of PBs such as tensile strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity, density, moisture content, swelling after 24 h, water absorption, and formaldehyde content were measured. All tests were performed in comparison to a standard PB bonded by UF resin. It was demonstrated that the substitution of UF resin up to 20% of LW did not have a significant effect on the mechanical properties. PB made of recycled wood produced with LW possessed good mechanical properties that meet the European standard quality demands for PBs.

Download Full-text

Properties of High-Density Fiberboard Bonded with Urea–Formaldehyde Resin and Ammonium Lignosulfonate as a Bio-Based Additive

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13162775 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 2775 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Petar Antov ◽

Viktor Savov ◽

Neno Trichkov ◽

Ľuboš Krišťák ◽

Roman Réh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Thermal Analyses ◽

Formaldehyde Emission ◽

High Density ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Uf Resin

The potential of ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) as an eco-friendly additive to urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin for manufacturing high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels with acceptable properties and low free formaldehyde emission was investigated in this work. The HDF panels were manufactured in the laboratory with very low UF resin content (4%) and ALS addition levels varying from 4% to 8% based on the mass of the dry wood fibers. The press factor applied was 15 s·mm−1. The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength), and free formaldehyde emission were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. In general, the developed HDF panels exhibited acceptable physical and mechanical properties, fulfilling the standard requirements for HDF panels for use in load-bearing applications. Markedly, the laboratory-produced panels had low free formaldehyde emission ranging from 2.0 to 1.4 mg/100 g, thus fulfilling the requirements of the E0 and super E0 emission grades and confirming the positive effect of ALS as a formaldehyde scavenger. The thermal analyses performed, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the main findings of the research. It was concluded that ALS as a bio-based, formaldehyde-free adhesive can be efficiently utilized as an eco-friendly additive to UF adhesive formulations for manufacturing wood-based panels under industrial conditions.

Download Full-text

Some properties of particleboard panels treated with extractives of Cerbera odollam tree

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998310377941 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 901-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rokiah Hashim ◽

Mohd Hazim Mohd Amini ◽

Othman Sulaiman ◽

Salim Hiziroglu ◽

Fumio Kawamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Insect Damage ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽

Wood Bark ◽

European Standards ◽

Different Parts

This study investigated certain aspects of physical and mechanical properties and resistance against biological deterioration of particleboard panels treated with extractives from different parts of Cerbera odollam trees. Particles of rubber-wood ( Hevea brasiliensis) treated with extracts of leaf, fruit, wood, bark, flower, and seed of Cerbera odollam were used to manufacture panels in laboratory conditions. Two types of adhesive, namely melamine urea formaldehyde and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde were used as binder for the panels. Treated panels had higher resistance against powder post beetle in laboratory as well as field exposures. Both thickness swelling and internal bond strength values of treated samples satisfied requirements for P4 Type particleboards stated in European Standards (EN 312). It appears that such extractives possess potential to enhance resistance of particleboard against insect damage in tropical countries.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of properties of graded density fiberboard produced from wood residues (sawdust and corrugated paper)

BALTIC FORESTRY ◽

10.46490/bf494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Oghenekevwe Abigail Ohwo ◽

Ighoyivwi Onakpoma ◽

Eduvie Okoromaraye

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Waste Streams ◽

Wood Residues ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Corrugated Paper

Reuse of materials from waste streams is pertinent to achieving sustainable forest production. The enormous wood residues generated at sawmill and the disposal of wood based products poses threat not only to sustenance of the forest resources but also has negative adverse effect on the environment. Limitation exists in the utilization of wood residues as raw material for panel board production in developing countries. This study examined the physical and mechanical properties of graded density fiberboards produced from varying mixture of sawdust and corrugated paper (pulp) at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) in 2019. A 2x9 factorial experiment in one way analysis of variance was used to test for significant difference between the factors (density and mixing ratio) considered. The result shows that densities of all boards produced varied with mixing proportions. The densities increased with increasing content of corrugated paper. Boards produced at 0.45 g/cm3 showed higher density (0.648 g/cm3), bending strength (MOR) (1.47 N/mm2) and less water absorption (118.69 %) than those produced at 0.65 g/cm3 having values of 0.58 g/cm3, 1.32 N/mm2 and 153.67 % respectively. However boards produced at 0.65 g/cm3 had higher elasticity in bending (MOE) (209.19 N/mm2) and less thickness swelling (6.29 %) than those produced at 0.45 g/cm3 having values of 74.87 N/mm2 and 10.88% respectively. Panel G (20:60:20), E (30:50:20) and I (10:70:20) of sawdust: corrugated paper: urea formaldehyde respectively showed superior features in physical and mechanical properties with panel I been the best mixture. Conclusively, wood residues (sawdust and corrugated paper) are suitable raw material for fiberboard production.

Download Full-text

Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels from Recycled Fibers Bonded with Calcium Lignosulfonate

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040639 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 639

Author(s):

Petar Antov ◽

L’uboš Krišt’ák ◽

Roman Réh ◽

Viktor Savov ◽

Antonios N. Papadopoulos

Keyword(s):

Bending Strength ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Formaldehyde Emission ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Natural Wood ◽

Recycled Fibers

The potential of using residual softwood fibers from the pulp and paper industry for producing eco-friendly, zero-formaldehyde fiberboard panels, bonded with calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) as a lignin-based, formaldehyde free adhesive, was investigated in this work. Fiberboard panels were manufactured in the laboratory by applying CLS addition content ranging from 8% to 14% (on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the developed composites, i.e., water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), as well as the free formaldehyde emission, were evaluated according to the European norms. In general, only the composites, developed with 14% CLS content, exhibited MOE and MOR values, comparable with the standard requirements for medium-density fiberboards (MDF) for use in dry conditions. All laboratory-produced composites demonstrated significantly deteriorated moisture-related properties, i.e., WA (24 h) and TS (24 h), which is a major drawback. Noticeably, the fiberboards produced had a close-to-zero formaldehyde content, reaching the super E0 class (≤1.5 mg/100 g), with values, ranging from 0.8 mg/100 g to 1.1 mg/100 g, i.e., equivalent to formaldehyde emission of natural wood. The amount of CLS adhesive had no significant effect on formaldehyde content.

Download Full-text

Characterization of particleboard made from oil heat-treated rubberwood particles at different mixing ratios

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.6795-6810 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 6795-6810

Author(s):

Nurul Fatiha Osman ◽

Paimon Bawon ◽

Seng Hua Lee ◽

Pakhriazad Hassan Zaki ◽

Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Eldrus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Oil Content ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

High Dimensional ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Heat Treated

Particleboard was produced by mixing oil heat-treated rubberwood particles at different ratios, with the goal of achieving high dimensional stability. Rubberwood particles were soaked in palm oil for 2 h and heat treated at 200 °C for 2 h. The treated particles were soaked in boiling water for 30 min to remove oil and were tested for chemical alteration and thermal characterization via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Particleboard was fabricated by mixing treated rubberwood particles (30%, 50%, and 70%) with untreated particles (70%, 50%, and 30%, respective to previous percentages) and bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. The results revealed that oil-heat treated particles had greater thermal stability than the untreated particles. The addition of oil heat treated particles improved the physical properties of the particleboard with no significant reduction in mechanical strength. However, this was only valid for ratios of 70% untreated to 30% treated and 50% untreated to 50% treated. When a ratio of 70% oil heat treated particles was used, both the physical and mechanical properties were reduced drastically, due to bonding interference caused by excessive oil content. Particleboard made with a ratio of 5:5 (treated to untreated) exhibited the best physical and mechanical properties.

Download Full-text

An attempt to use „Tetra Pak” waste material in particleboard technology

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0015.2376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 ◽

pp. 70-75

Author(s):

Radosław Auriga ◽

Piotr Borysiuk ◽

Alicja Auriga

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Core Layer ◽

Waste Material ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

The Core ◽

Tetra Pak ◽

The Impact

An attempt to use „Tetra Pak” waste material in particleboard technology. The study investigates the effect of addition Tetra Pak waste material in the core layer on physical and mechanical properties of chipboard. Three-layer chipboards with a thickness of 16 mm and a density of 650 kg / m3 were manufactured. The share of Tetra Pak waste material in the boards was varied: 0%, 5%, 10% and 25%. The density profile was measured to determine the impact of Tetra Pak share on the density distribution. In addition, the manufactured boards were tested for strength (MOR, MOE, IB), thickness swelling and water absorption after immersion in water for 2 and 24 hours. The tests revealed that Tetra Pak share does not affect significantly the value of static bending strength and modulus of elasticity of the chipboard, but it significantly decreases IB. Also, it has been found that Tetra Pak insignificantly decreases the value of swelling and water absorption of the chipboards.

Download Full-text