An Environmental Friendly Tapioca Starch-Alginate Cultured Scaffold as Biomimetic Muscle Tissue

Natural porous scaffolds have been studied and developed for decades in biomedical science in order to support cells with a simulated extracellular matrix in natural tissue as an ideal environment. Such three-dimensional scaffolds provide many degrees of freedom to modulate cell activity, such as porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. In this study, a porous, three-dimensional material of alginate incorporating tapioca starch was fabricated. A particular freeze-gelation method was applied to homogenously mix starch in the alginate, and the concentration was controllable. This pure natural composite porous scaffold was characterized physically and biologically. The synergistic functions, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation, were also investigated. A myogenic differentiation model further verified that the composite porous scaffold provided a suitable environment, supporting the differentiation effect in the myogenic process. The positive results demonstrated that this novel material has the potential to serve as a biomedical or clean meat appliance.

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Porous Geometry Guided Micro-mechanical Environment Within Scaffolds for Cell Mechanobiology Study in Bone Tissue Engineering

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.736489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Feihu Zhao ◽

Yi Xiong ◽

Keita Ito ◽

Bert van Rietbergen ◽

Sandra Hofmann

Keyword(s):

Porous Scaffold ◽

Mechanical Strain ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Pore Geometry ◽

Cell Physiology ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Mechanical Environment ◽

Functional Features ◽

Future Work

Mechanobiology research is for understanding the role of mechanics in cell physiology and pathology. It will have implications for studying bone physiology and pathology and to guide the strategy for regenerating both the structural and functional features of bone. Mechanobiological studies in vitro apply a dynamic micro-mechanical environment to cells via bioreactors. Porous scaffolds are commonly used for housing the cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culturing environment. Such scaffolds usually have different pore geometries (e.g. with different pore shapes, pore dimensions and porosities). These pore geometries can affect the internal micro-mechanical environment that the cells experience when loaded in the bioreactor. Therefore, to adjust the applied micro-mechanical environment on cells, researchers can tune either the applied load and/or the design of the scaffold pore geometries. This review will provide information on how the micro-mechanical environment (e.g. fluid-induced wall shear stress and mechanical strain) is affected by various scaffold pore geometries within different bioreactors. It shall allow researchers to estimate/quantify the micro-mechanical environment according to the already known pore geometry information, or to find a suitable pore geometry according to the desirable micro-mechanical environment to be applied. Finally, as future work, artificial intelligent – assisted techniques, which can achieve an automatic design of solid porous scaffold geometry for tuning/optimising the micro-mechanical environment are suggested.

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Development of HA-PLGA Scaffold Encapsulating Intact BMP-2 Using Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology

ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/msec2011-50259 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Jin-Hyung Shim ◽

Jong Young Kim ◽

Kyung Shin Kang ◽

Jung Kyu Park ◽

Sei Kwang Hahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Solid Freeform Fabrication ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Prolonged Release ◽

Cellular Activity ◽

Freeform Fabrication

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on restoring and repairing tissues or organs. Cells, scaffolds, and biomolecules are recognized as three main components of tissue engineering. Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technology is required to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds to provide a 3D environment for cellular activity. SFF technology is especially advantageous for achieving a fully interconnected, porous scaffold. Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), an important biomolecule, is widely used in bone tissue engineering to enhance bone regeneration activity. However, methods for the direct incorporation of intact BMP-2 within 3D scaffolds are rare. In this work, 3D porous scaffolds with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) chemically grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-PLGA), in which intact BMP-2 was directly encapsulated, were successfully fabricated using SFF technology. BMP-2 was previously protected by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and the BMP-2/PEG complex was incorporated in HA-PLGA using an organic solvent. The HAPLGA/PEG/BMP-2 mixture was dissolved in chloroform and deposited via a multi-head deposition system (MHDS), one type of SFF technology, to fabricate a scaffold for tissue engineering. An additional air blower system and suction were installed in the MHDS for the solvent-based fabrication method. An in vitro evaluation of BMP-2 release was conducted, and prolonged release of intact BMP-2, for up to 28 days, was confirmed. After confirmation of advanced proliferation of pre osteoblasts, a superior differentiation effect of the HA-PLGA/PEG/BMP-2 scaffold was validated by measuring high expression levels of bone-specific markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC). We show that our solvent-based fabrication is a non-toxic method for restoring cellular activity. Moreover, the HAPLGA/PEG/BMP-2 scaffold was effective for bone regeneration.

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The Overview of Porous, Bioactive Scaffolds as Instructive Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Their Clinical Translation

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12070602 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 602

Author(s):

Gaëtan Lutzweiler ◽

Albana Ndreu Halili ◽

Nihal Engin Vrana

Keyword(s):

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Cell Activity ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Bioactive Scaffolds ◽

Cell Functions ◽

Tissue Repair And Regeneration

Porous scaffolds have been employed for decades in the biomedical field where researchers have been seeking to produce an environment which could approach one of the extracellular matrixes supporting cells in natural tissues. Such three-dimensional systems offer many degrees of freedom to modulate cell activity, ranging from the chemistry of the structure and the architectural properties such as the porosity, the pore, and interconnection size. All these features can be exploited synergistically to tailor the cell–material interactions, and further, the tissue growth within the voids of the scaffold. Herein, an overview of the materials employed to generate porous scaffolds as well as the various techniques that are used to process them is supplied. Furthermore, scaffold parameters which modulate cell behavior are identified under distinct aspects: the architecture of inert scaffolds (i.e., pore and interconnection size, porosity, mechanical properties, etc.) alone on cell functions followed by comparison with bioactive scaffolds to grasp the most relevant features driving tissue regeneration. Finally, in vivo outcomes are highlighted comparing the accordance between in vitro and in vivo results in order to tackle the future translational challenges in tissue repair and regeneration.

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On Various Porous Scaffold Fabrication Methods

Mapana Journal of Sciences ◽

10.12723/mjs.43.5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D Elamparithi ◽

V Moorthy

Keyword(s):

Porous Structure ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

And Migration ◽

Preparation Techniques

Three-dimensional scaffolds can be fabricated by various methods. These scaffold constructs showed a major impact on various biomedical applications. The bioactive porous scaffolds should have an excellent three-dimensional architecture and interconnected porous structure for cells adhesion and migration to enhance the therapeutic potential. The porosity and interconnected porous structure can be optimized using various scaffold preparation methods. In this mini review, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of various commonly used scaffold preparation techniques.

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Design, analysis, fabrication and testing of PC porous scaffolds using rapid prototyping in clinical applications

Biomedicine ◽

10.51248/.v39i2.204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 339-345

Author(s):

Kumaresan Thavasiappan ◽

Mohan Sivakumar Venkatesan ◽

Mohamed Ariffuddeen ◽

Onishi Ponnuchamy ◽

Naveen Ravichandran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rapid Prototyping ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Mechanical Load ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Load Bearing ◽

Pore Model ◽

Artificial Bones

Introduction and Aim: Rapid prototyping is an advanced fabricating method, where three dimensional objects are built precisely from their three-dimensional computer aided design models in a very short duration. In contrast to traditional machining methods, most of the rapid prototyping techniques tend to fabricate parts based on additive manufacturing process. Fabrication of biomaterial into 3-D scaffold structures is the next vital step in the development of bone implants depending on bone injuries of individual patients, and it is highly demanding among the Indian orthopedic surgeons for treating those bone related defects. Therefore, the need for reliable and economically feasible design, better biomaterials, and efficient fabrication method for scaffold to treat musculoskeletal defects has increased in recent years. Materials and Methods: Investigation of scaffold for porous structured bone implant is a recently emerging field in medicine and is involved in developing artificial bones like structure using materials like Tri Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), Hydroxyapatite (HA), Polycaprolactone, polycarbonate (PC), poly (l-lactide) PLLA or Polyamide (PA) etc., by incorporating pores in the scaffold. In this research, the samples of the scaffold specimens were designed and fabricated using Stereo lithography technique with biocompatible PC resin and the strength of each sample were analyzed. Results: The porous scaffold models are structured with different designs utilizing the CAD software. The porous scaffold with various porosity and pore shape is analyzed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). StereolithographyViperSi2 method was utilized to manufacture the polycarbonate scaffold. The manufactured rhombus pore model shows the stress value esteems around 200 MPa¸ which is nearest to the compressive strength of human bone. Subsequently the rhombus pore model gives better mechanical load bearing capacity when implanted for tissue recovery in bones. Conclusion: Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate material give better surface completion, 100% pore interconnectivity and new tissue arrangement of the fabricated porous scaffold. The SLA technique offers the more noteworthy load bearing quality and great exactness of the fabricated scaffold.

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Bioinspired nanostructured hydroxyapatite/collagen three-dimensional porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra01487e ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (46) ◽

pp. 36175-36184 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Junjie Guan ◽

Jun Yang ◽

Junqi Dai ◽

Yunhao Qin ◽

Yang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Needle Punching

A needle punching and bioinspired mineralization strategy has been developed to fabricate a collagen/hydroxyapatite porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

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Label-free magnetic resonance imaging to locate live cells in three-dimensional porous scaffolds

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2012.0068 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (74) ◽

pp. 2321-2331 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Abarrategi ◽

M. E. Fernandez-Valle ◽

T. Desmet ◽

D. Castejón ◽

A. Civantos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Live Cells ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Label Free ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Critical Feature

Porous scaffolds are widely tested materials used for various purposes in tissue engineering. A critical feature of a porous scaffold is its ability to allow cell migration and growth on its inner surface. Up to now, there has not been a method to locate live cells deep inside a material, or in an entire structure, using real-time imaging and a non-destructive technique. Herein, we seek to demonstrate the feasibility of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique as a method to detect and locate in vitro non-labelled live cells in an entire porous material. Our results show that the use of optimized MRI parameters (4.7 T; repetition time = 3000 ms; echo time = 20 ms; resolution 39 × 39 µm) makes it possible to obtain images of the scaffold structure and to locate live non-labelled cells in the entire material, with a signal intensity higher than that obtained in the culture medium. In the current study, cells are visualized and located in different kinds of porous scaffolds. Moreover, further development of this MRI method might be useful in several three-dimensional biomaterial tests such as cell distribution studies, routine qualitative testing methods and in situ monitoring of cells inside scaffolds.

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Three-Dimensional Porous Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Cancellous Bone Matrix Promote Osteoinduction, Osteoconduction, and Osteogenesis

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13244390 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 4390

Author(s):

Alda Malagón-Escandón ◽

Mathieu Hautefeuille ◽

Edgar Jimenez-Díaz ◽

Jesus Arenas-Alatorre ◽

José Manuel Saniger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Tissue ◽

Cancellous Bone ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Osteogenic Potential ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Bovine Bone ◽

Tissue Repair And Regeneration

The use of three-dimensional porous scaffolds derived from decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasing for functional repair and regeneration of injured bone tissue. Because these scaffolds retain their native structures and bioactive molecules, in addition to showing low immunogenicity and good biodegradability, they can promote tissue repair and regeneration. Nonetheless, imitating these features in synthetic materials represents a challenging task. Furthermore, due to the complexity of bone tissue, different processes are necessary to maintain these characteristics. We present a novel approach using decellularized ECM material derived from bovine cancellous bone by demineralization, decellularization, and hydrolysis of collagen to obtain a three-dimensional porous scaffold. This study demonstrates that the three-dimensional porous scaffold obtained from bovine bone retained its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties and presented osteogenic potential when seeded with human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (hWJ-MSCs). Based on its characteristics, the scaffold described in this work potentially represents a therapeutic strategy for bone repair.

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Designing Controllable Porosity for Multifunctional Deformable Tissue Scaffolds

Journal of Medical Devices ◽

10.1115/1.4007009 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

AKM Bashirul Khoda ◽

Bahattin Koc

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Effective Porosity ◽

Free Form ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Applied Forces

Reconstructing or repairing a damaged tissue with porous scaffolds to restore the mechanical, biological, and chemical functions is one of the major tissue engineering and wound healing strategies. Recent developments in three-dimensional bioprinting techniques and improvements in the biomaterial properties have made fabrication of controlled and interconnected porous scaffold structures possible. Especially, for wound healing or soft tissue engineering, membranes/scaffolds made out of visco-elastic hydrogels, or other soft biomaterials with regular porous structures are commonly used. When the visco-elastic structures are applied onto a wound or damaged area, various forces might act upon these structures. The applied forces caused by bandage or occlusive dressings, contraction, and/or the self-weight could deform the fabricated scaffolds. As a result, the geometry and the designed porosity changes which eventually alters the desired choreographed functionality. To remedy this problem, a denser scaffold providing higher material concentration could be developed. However, denser scaffolds might have a negative impact on cell proliferation and also could block pathways for nutrient and waste transportation. In this work, a novel multifunctional visco-elastic scaffold modeling has been proposed to control the effective porosity of scaffolds. The designed scaffolds are optimized to provide spatial functionality and controlled material concentration under deformed conditions. The proposed methodology has been implemented and illustrative examples are provided in this paper. Effective porosity between the traditional and the proposed scaffold design have been compared by applying both models on the same free-form surface mimicking a wound.

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